فضل أداء الزّكاة

[نبيل عزاب]

فضل أداء الزّكاة

قال الله تعالى: {إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلاةَ وَآتَوْا الزَّكَاةَ لَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ وَلا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ} البقرة 277
لقد فرض الإسلام الزكاة وأولاها عناية واهتمامًا حيث جعلها الركن الثالث من أركان الإسلام الخمسة، وقد قرنها الله تعالى مع الصّلاة في كتابه العزيز في اثنين وثمانين موضعًا، فهما دعامتان متينتان وقرينتان متلازمتان لا ينفك إحداهما عن الأخرى، كما قال سبحانه وتعالى: {فإنْ تابُوا وأقاموا الصّلاةَ وآتَوُا الزّكاة فإخوانُكُم في الدِّين} التوبة 11، وقال سيّدنا أبوب بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه ''والله لأقاتلنَّ مَن فرّق بين الصّلاة والزّكاة''.
وقد اجمع المسلمون على أنّها ركن من أركان الإسلام، ومَن جحدَ وجوبَها فقد كفر، لأنّه مكذّب للقرآن والسُنّة والإجماع، ومَن منعها تهاوُنًا فقد فسق.
وقد قاتل الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم مانعي الزكاة، واستحلُّوا دماءهم وأموالهم، لأنّهم منعوا شعيرة كبيرة من شعائر الإسلام.
الزكاة هي إخراج مال مخصوص من مال مخصوص بلغ نِصَابًا لمستحقه إنْ تمَّ المُلك ودار عليه الحَوْل (العام)، وهي ركن من أركان الإسلام الخمسة، إذ هي فرض عين على الحُر المالك النصاب من النِّعم والحرث إن تمّ الحول.
وأنواعها ثلاثة: نِعَم، وهي الإبل والبقر والغنم. حرث، وهي الحبوب وذوات الزيوت الأربع والتمر والزبيب. والعين، وهو الذهب والفضة.
ومصرف الزكاة هو المحل الّذي تصرف فيه، وهو شرط من شروط صحّة الزكاة، فتدفع الزكاة لهذه الأصناف الثمانية: الفقير، المسكين، العامل على الزكاة، المؤلف قلبه، الرقيق ليعتق منها، المدين إذا تداين لا في فساد، المجاهد ومثله المرابط والجاسوس، وابن السبيل وهو الغريب المحتاج لما يوصله لوطنه إن كان فقيرًا في وطنه أو غنيًا ولم يجد مَن يسلفه.
ويشترط في هاته الأصناف -غير الرقيق والمؤلف قلبه- ثلاثة شروط: أن يكون كلّ واحد منهم حًرًّا، مسلمًا، غير هاشمي (لأنّه لا يجوز أن تعطى الزكاة لأهل بيت رسول الله صلّى الله عليه وسلّم).
ويشترط في عامل الزكاة زيادة على تقدّم شرطان أن يكون عدلاً، عالمًا.
وللزكاة فوائدَ كثيرة، منها:
أنّها قيام بركن من أركان الإسلام الّذي عليه مدار سعادة العبد في دنياه وآخرته.
أنّها تطهِّر الإنسان من الذنوب، لقوله تعالى: {خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ وَتُزَكِّيهِمْ بِهَا}.
أنّه يستحضر بإخراج الزكاة عبوديته الحقّة لله تعالى، فيحس بعِظَم فضل الله عليه، ولو شاء الله لجعله فقيرًا وهو يعلَم بأنّ الغني حقًا هو الله سبحانه وتعالى: {يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَنْتُمُ الْفُقَرَاءُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ الْحَمِيدُ} فاطر15
أنّه يؤدي بالزكاة شُكْرَ نعم الله عليه، فهو يتقرّب بهذا العمل إلى الله ولا يعتبره كالضريبة الّتي تفرضها بعض الدول دون رضى النّاس.
ما يترتّب على أدائها من الأجر العظيم، قال الله تعالى: {يَمْحَقُ اللّهُ الْرِّبَا وَيُرْبِي الصَّدَقَاتِ} البقرة276
أنّها تُطْفِئُ غضب الرب سبحانه وتعالى فعن أبي سعيد رضي الله عنه ''صدقة السر تُطفئ غضب الرب، وصِلَة الرحم تزيد في العمر، وفعل المعروف يقي مصارع السوء'' رواه البيهقي.

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