أهميّة الزّكاة

[نبيل عزاب]

أهميّة الزّكاة


تحتل الزكاة في الإسلام مكانة رفيعة ومنزلة سامية ومرتبة متقدمة، فهي ركن من أركانه الأساسية وشعيرة من شعائره الدينية الكبرى لحديث ابن عمر المشهور: ''بُني الإسلام على خمس..''، وقد ذكرت في القرآن ثلاثين مرّة، في سبع وعشرين منها مقرونة بالصّلاة، من أجل أن تكون لها نفس أهمية الصّلاة، ولئلاّ يُضيّعها النّاس ويفرّطوا فيها، قال تعالى: ''وَمَا أُمِرُوا إِلاَّ لِيَعْبُدُوا اللهَ مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ حُنَفَاءَ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلاَةَ وَيُوتُوا الزَّكَاةَ وَذَلِكَ دِينُ الْقَيِّمَةِ'' البينة، وهي تشكّل أهم دعامة من دعائم الإسلام الاقتصادية الكبرى، كما أنّها تُكَوِّن موردًا من الموارد المالية الّتي لا تنضب على مَرِّ السنين، ووسيلة من وسائله الناجحة لتحقيق التّضامن الاجتماعي والتّكافل الإجباري بين أفراده، ورحمة من رحماته تعالى إلى عباده المؤمنين.
فالمجتمع الّذي يقوم بأداء الزّكاة مجتمع يُبارِكُه الله عزّ وجلّ وتشملهم رحمته قال تعالى: ''وَالْمُومِنُونَ وَالْمُومِنَاتُ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلِيَاءُ بَعْضٍ يَامُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُقِيمُونَ الصَّلاَةَ وَيُوتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ وَيُطِيعُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ أُولَئِكَ سَيَرْحَمُهُمْ اللهُ إِنَّ اللهَ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ'' التوبة.
ولأهميتها الكبيرة وعد الله المؤدِّين لها بالفلاح والثواب الجزيل في الدنيا والآخرة كما جاء في سورة المؤمنون والذاريات...، وقد توعّد المانعين بأشدّ أنواع العقاب كما جاء في سورة التوبة.
والزّكاة لون من ألوان العبادات الّتي فرضها الله تعالى ورتَّب عليها آثارًا اجتماعية كبيرة من عطف ورحمة ومحبّة ومودّة وإخاء وتعاوُن وتآلف بين أفراد المجتمع المسلم...
إنَّ المسلم وهو يُخرِج زكاة ماله طواعية يشعر بأنّه يُسَاهم في بناء المجتمع، ويعمل على إسعاد أفراده لأنّه ساهَم في ضمان عوامل استقراره، وأنّ هذا المجتمع يستفيد من وجوده، فعن عبد الله بن عمر رضي الله عنهما: ''أنّ رجلاً جاء إلى النّبيّ صلّى الله عليه وسلّم فقال: يارسول الله أيُّ النّاس أحبّ إلى الله؟ وأيّ الأعمال أحبّ إلى الله؟ فقال رسول الله صلّى الله عليه وسلّم: ''أحبّ النّاس إلى الله تعالى أنفعُهُم للنّاس، وأحبّ الأعمال إلى الله عزّ وجلّ سرور يُدخله على مسلم، أو يكشف عنه كُربَة، أو يقضي عنه دَيْنًا، أو يطرد عنه جوعًا...'' حديث حسن أخرجه الألباني في الصحيح.
لقد سدَّ الله بالزّكاة جوانب عديدة في المجتمع، فاليتيم الّذي لا أهل له ولا مال له، والفقير الّذي لا يجد له ولا لأسرته ما يَسُد حاجتهم، والمدين الّذي أثقلت كاهله الديون... كلّ هؤلاء ينتظرون من الأغنياء أن يعطوهم من مال الله الّذي آتاهم: ''وَفِي أَمْوَالِهِمْ حَقٌ مَعْلُومٌ لِلسَّائِلِ وَالْمَحْرُوم...''. يقول الشيخ شلتوت رحمه الله: ''والمال في الإسلام كلّه للأمّة تحفظه اليد المستخلفة فيه وتُنمّيه ثمّ تنتفع به كلّها، وما اليد المعطية واليد الآخذة إلاَ يدان لشخصية واحدة كلتاهما تعمل لخدمة تلك الشّخصية، ولا خادم منها ولا مخدوم، وإنّما هما خادمان لشخصية واحدة هي شخصية المجتمع الّذي لا قوام له إلاّ بتكافل هاتين اليدين على خيره وبقائه''.
ولا يخفى على كلّ ذي عقل أنّ مبدأ الزّكاة حين طُبّق في العصور الإسلامية السّالفة نجح في محاربة الفقر وأقام التّكافل الاجتماعي، ونزع من القلوب حقد الفقراء على الأغنياء، وقَلّل كثيرًا من الجرائم الخلقية والاجتماعية، وذلك بإزالة أسبابها من الفقر والحاجة، وعوَّد المؤمنين البذل والعطاء والسّخاء، وهيَّأ سبل العمل لمَن لا يجد العمل.

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