الصناعة الحديثة

[نجيب نون]

تواجه الصناعة في العالم تحدياً رئيسياً : المنافسة المتزايدة، وتعقيد الأسواق والمنتجات والعمليات، والتغيير السريع في متطلبات السوق. ولم يعد المدخل التقليدي وهو تقليل التكاليف يشكل منفردا استراتيجية فعالة في معظم الأسواق. بل أن العملاء يطلبون منتجات بتكاليف منافسة ونوعية عالية وتتوافق مع حاجاتهم الخاصة ويمكن الحصول عليها في وقت مناسب. الأمر الذي ألقى ضغطا كبيرا على المنظمات نتج عنه موجة من إعادة هيكلة شديدة للكيانات الصناعية.
وفي مفهوم الصناعة الحديثة، تعتبر العوامل التنظيمية والبشرية علاوة، على العوامل التكنولوجية، ذات أهمية لتحقيق النتائج المنشودة. وهذا المفهوم يحاول تعريف العناصر الرئيسية في نموذج جديد للإنتاج، يحل محل الإنتاج الكبير التقليدي.
وهو يجمع بين مزايا كل من الإنتاج الحرفي والإنتاج الكبير من حيث الحجم والنوع، مستخدما لذلك الآلية الذاتية المرنة، وعمل الفريق متعدد المهارات وثقافة عامة للمنشأة بالنسبة للتحسين المستمر والنوعية العالية.
وهذه هي صفات الصناعة الحديثة التي تسعى لأن تفي بما يطلبه السوق الآن بالنسبة للتكلفة والنوعية والمرونة والوقت.
ان الأمر يتطلب، بالإضافة إلى تحديد أهداف للصناعة، تحديد كيفية تحقيق هذه الأهداف.
وقد عَّرفت بعض الدراسات 5 مبادئ عامة تبدو واضحة في محاولة لتعقب أهداف الصناعة الحديثة وهي:
 كلما زاد تعقد المنتجات، كلما اعتمدت النوعية على الارتفاع بمستوى جمـــيع مراحل
التصنيع وتطلبت جهدا من العاملين في جميع المستويات.
 كلما أصبحت تكنولوجيا التصنيع أكثر حذقاً ومهارة، كلما زاد خضوعها واعتمـادها على
المهارات البشرية في مجالي التحكم والصيانة.
 كلما تطبع الإنتاج بطلبات العملاء، كلما زادت ضرورة التدخل البشري فيما يتعلق بالتحديث، حيث أن التغيير وضبط المعدات وتطويعها وتهيئتها والتحكم فيها يتطلب تدخلا بشريا كثيرا.
 إذا تطلبت المنتجات مدخل خدمة كبيرة وصيانة مابعد البيع، فإن الأمر يتطلب أفرادا ماهرين للقيام بذلك.
 كلما قصرت دورة حياة المنتجات، كلما زادت الحاجة إلى التحديث وكلما كانت عمليات البدء في منتج جديد أكثر حدوثا وكلما احتاجت السيطرة عليها إلى أفراد ماهرين ذوي معرفة نظامية وبصيرية للتغلب على التحديات الجديدة التي تصاحب البدء في منتج جديد.

مقتطفات من كتاب التكنولوجيا والصناعة

[mouradcoca]

مشكووووووووووووووووووووووووووور

[دائمة الذكر]

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