تأسيس الغات 1947 [الأرشيف] - منتديات الشروق أونلاين

نجيب نون

06-01-2011, 10:36 AM

تعود نشأة منظمة التجارة العالمية الى الظروف الدولية التي نشأت في اعقاب الحرب العالمية الثانية كتعبير عن النية لبناء نظام عالمي جديد، عبر محورين اساسيين ؛ سياسي تمثل بانشاء هيئة الامم المتحدة ، واقتصادي تمثل بالاتفاق العام لالغاء التعرفة الجمركية والتجارة ( الغات) ،حيث دخلت هذه الاخيرة حيز التنفيذ في العام 1948 . واذ تعتبر منظمة التجارة العالمية من اقوى المنظمات الاقتصادية المنشأة في القرن العشرين، فقد اشرفت على حسن تنفيذ جولة أورغواي (1986-1994)، وهي آخر جولة وأهم الجولات التي أدت إلى إنشاء المنظمة، لما توصلت إلى نتائج إيجابية حول إلغاء القيود الكمية المفروضة على الواردات، ولم تقتصر على تنظيم تجارة السلع بل شملت تجارة الخدمات وحقوق الملكية الفكرية، كما أفرزت آليات جديدة تتعلق بفض المنازعات التجارية.
افضت مفاوضات جولة جنيف الأولى عن 45 ألف امتياز جمركي بتكلفة عشرة مليارات دولار من التجارة، أي ما يقارب خمس إجمالي إنتاج العالم في تلك الأيام، كما وافقت الدول ال 23 المشاركة، على ضرورة قبول بعض قواعد التجارة الموجودة في مسودة ميثاق منظمة التجارة الدولية، ورأت ضرورة إنجاز هذا الأمر بسرعة وعلى نحو مشروط لحماية قيمة الامتيازات الجمركية التي تم التفاوض بشأنها. وعرفت هذه الصفقة المشتركة لقواعد التجارة والامتيازات الجمركية في ما بعد باسم "الغات" أو الاتفاق العام للتعرفات الجمركية والتجارة، وأصبحت سارية في كانون الثاني 1948، في حين كان ميثاق منظمة التجارة الدولية لايزال قيد التفاوض، وأصبحت الدول
الـ 23 هي الأعضاء المؤسسة للغات (الأطراف المتعاقدة). وقد تركزت المفاوضات خلال هذه الجولة وجولات أنيسي 1949، وتوركي 1951، وجنيف 1956، وديلون 1961، حول التعرفات الجمركية والإجراءات الحدودية الأخرى، وفي الدرجة الأول بين الدول الصناعية. (

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