الصدقة الجارية

[نبيل عزاب]

الصدقة الجارية

الصدقة الجارية هي الوقف، وهي الواردة في حديث أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه، أنّ رسول الله صلّى الله عليه وسلّم قال: ''إذَا مَاتَ الإِنْسَانُ انْقَطَعَ عَمَلُهُ إلاَّ مِنْ ثَـلاَثٍ: صَدَقَةٍ جَارِيَةٍ، أَوْ عِلْمٍ يُنْتَفَعُ بِهِ، أَوْ وَلَدٍ صَالِحٍ يَدْعُو لَهُ''، رواه مسلم. وقال الإمام النووي رحمه الله في شرح هذا الحديث: ''الصدقة الجارية هي الوقف''. والصدقة الجارية هي الّتي يستمر ثـوابها بعد موت الإنسان، وأمّا الصدقة الّتي لا يستمر ثـوابها ـ كالصدقة على الفقير بالطعام ـ فليست صدقة جارية.
وأنواع الصدقات الجارية كثـيرة، منها: بناء المساجد، غرس الأشجار، حفر الآبار، طباعة المصحف وتوزيعه، ونشر العلم النّافع... وغيرها. فعن أبي هريرة، رضي الله عنه، أنّ النّبيّ، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، قال: ''إِنَّ مِمَّا يَلْحَقُ الْمُؤْمِنَ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ وَحَسَنَاتِهِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ: عِلْمًا عَلَّمَهُ وَنَشَرَهُ، وَوَلَدًا صَالِحًا تَرَكَهُ، وَمُصْحَفًا وَرَّثَـهُ، أَوْ مَسْجِدًا بَنَاهُ، أَوْ بَيْتًا لإبْنِ السَّبِيلِ بَنَاهُ، أَوْ نَهْرًا أَجْرَاهُ، أَوْ صَدَقَةً أَخْرَجَهَا مِنْ مَالِهِ فِي صِحَّتِهِ وَحَيَاتِهِ يَلْحَقُهُ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَوْتِهِ''، رواه ابن ماجه.
سقي الماء: قال صلّى الله عليه وسلّم: ''أفضل الصدقة سقي الماء''، رواه أحمد وأبو داود والنسائي وابن ماجه.
بناء المساجد: قال صلّى الله عليه وسلّم: ''مَن بنى مسجدًا يبتغي به وجه الله، بنى الله له بيتًا في الجنّة''، رواه الشيخان.
حفر الآبار: عن جابر، رضي الله عنه، أنّ رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، قال: ''مَن حفر بئر ماء لم يشرب منه كبد حرى من جن ولا إنس ولا طائر إلاّ آجره الله يوم القيامة، ومَن بنى مسجدًا كمن حص قطاة أو أصغر بنى الله له بيتًا في الجنّة''.
كما أنّ الإنفاق في بعض الأوقات أفضل منه في غيرها، كالإنفاق في رمضان، كما قال ابن عباس رضي الله عنه: ''كان رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، أجود النّاس، وكان أجود ما يكون في رمضان حين يلقاه جبريل، وكان يلقاه في كلّ ليلة من رمضان فيدارسه القرآن، فلرسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، حين يلقاه جبريل أجود بالخير من الريح المرسلة''، أخرجه البخاري ومسلم. وكذلك الصدقة في أيّام العشر من ذي الحجة، فإنّ النّبيّ، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، قال: ''ما مِن أيّام العمل الصّالِح فيها أحبُّ إلى الله من هذه الأيّام'' (يعني أيّام العشر) قالوا: يا رسول الله! ولا الجهاد في سبيل الله؟ قال: ''ولا الجهاد في سبيل الله، إلاّ رجلٌ خرج بنفسه وماله، ثُـمّ لم يرجع من ذلك شيء''، رواه البخاري.
وإنّ مِن نِعَم الله عزّ وجلّ على العبد أن يكون ذا مال وجِدَة، ومِن تمام نعمته عليه فيه أن يكون عونًا له على طاعة الله، قال صلّى الله عليه وسلّم: ''فنعم المال الصّالح للمرء الصّالح''، رواه البخاري.

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