الحديث القدسي هل هو كلام الله تعالى أو أن الله تعالى أوحى إلى رسوله معناه

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

اختلف العلماء رحمهم الله في لفظ الحديث القدسي: هل هو كلام الله تعالى، أو أن الله تعالى أوحى إلى رسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم معناه، واللفظ لفظ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم؟ على قولين:
القول الأول: أن الحديث القدسي من عند الله لفظه ومعناه،لأن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أضافه إلى الله تعالى، ومن المعلوم أن الأصل في القول المضاف أن يكون بلفظ قائله لا ناقله،لا سيما أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أقوى الناس أمانةً وأوثقهم روايةً.
القول الثاني: أن الحديث القدسي معناه من عند الله ولفظه لفظ النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ، وذلك لوجهين:
الوجه الأول: لو كان الحديث القدسي من عند الله لفظاً و معنى؛لكان أعلى سنداً من القرآن؛لأن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يرويه عن ربه تعالى بدون واسطة؛كما هو ظاهر السياق، أما القرآن فنزل على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بواسطة جبريل عليه السلام؛كما قال تعالى: (قُلْ نَزَّلَهُ رُوحُ الْقُدُس من ربك )(النحل: الآية102) ، وقال: (نَزَلَ بِهِ الرُّوحُ الْأَمِينُ*عَلَى قَلْبِكَ لِتَكُونَ مِنَ الْمُنْذِرِينَ * بِلِسَانٍ عَرَبِيٍّ مُبِينٍ) [الشعراء:193-195].
الوجه الثاني:أنه لو كان لفظ الحديث القدسي من عند الله؛لم يكن بينه وبين القرآن فرق؛ لأن كليهما على هذا التقدير كلام الله تعالى،والحكمة تقتضي تساويهما في الحكم حين اتفقا في الأصل،ومن المعلوم أن بين القرآن والحديث القدسي فروق كثيرة:

منها:أن الحديث القدسي لا يتعبد بتلاوته،بمعنى أن الإنسان لايتعبد الله تعالى بمجرد قراءته؛فلا يثاب على كل حرف منه عشر حسنات،والقرآن يتعبد بتلاوته بكل حرف منه عشر حسنات.
ومنها: أن الله عزّ وجل تحدى أن يأتي الناس بمثل القرآن أو آية منه،ولم يرد مثل ذلك في الأحاديث القدسية.
ومنها:أن القرآن محفوظ من عند الله عزّ وجل؛ كما قال سبحانه: (إِنَّا نَحْنُ نَزَّلْنَا الذِّكْرَ وَإِنَّا لَهُ لَحَافِظُونَ) (الحجر:9) ؛ والأحاديث القدسية بخلاف ذلك؛ ففيها الصحيح والحسن،بل أضيف إليها ما كان ضعيفاً أو موضوعاً، وهذا وإن لم يكن منها لكن نسب إليها وفيها التقديم والتأخير والزيادة والنقص.
ومنها:أن القرآن لا تجوز قراءته بالمعنى بإجماع المسلمين، أما الأحاديث القدسية؛ فعلى الخلاف في جواز نقل الحديث النبوي بالمعنى والأكثرون على جوازه.
ومنها:أن القرآن تشرع قراءته في الصلاة، ومنه ما لا تصح الصلاة بدون قراءته، بخلاف الأحاديث القدسية.
ومنها: أن القرآن لا يمسّه إلا طاهر على الأصح، بخلاف الأحاديث القدسية.
ومنها:أن القرآن لا يقرؤه الجنب حتى يغتسل على القول الراجح،بخلاف الأحاديث القدسية.
ومنها:أن القرآن ثبت بالتواتر القطعي المفيد للعلم اليقيني، فلو أنكر منه حرفاً أجمع القراء عليه؛ لكان كافراً، بخلاف الأحاديث القدسية؛ فإنه لو أنكر شيئاً منها مدعّياً أنه لم يثبت؛ لم يكفر، أما لو أنكره مع علمه أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قاله؛ لكان كافراً لتكذيبه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم .
وأجاب هؤلاء عن كون النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أضافه إلى الله، والأصل في القول المضاف أن يكون لفظ قائله بالتسليم أن هذا هو الأصل، لكن قد يضاف إلى قائله معنى لا لفظاً؛ كما في القرآن الكريم؛ فإن الله تعالى يضيف أقوالاً إلى قائليها، ونحن نعلم أنها أضيفت معنى لا لفظاً، كما في قصص الأنبياء وغيرهم، وكلام الهدهد والنملة؛ فإنه بغير هذا اللفظ قطعاً.


وبهذا يتبين رجحان هذا القول، وليس الخلاف في هذا كالخلاف بين الأشاعرة وأهل السنة في كلام الله تعالى؛ لأن الخلاف بين هؤلاء في أصل كلام الله تعالى؛ فأهل السنة يقولون: كلام الله تعالى كلام حقيقي مسموع يتكلم سبحانه بصوت وحرف، والأشاعرة لا يثبتون ذلك، وإنما يقولون: كلام الله تعالى هو المعنى القائم بنفسه، وليس بحرف وصوت، ولكن الله تعالى يخلق صوتاً يعبّر به عن المعنى القائم بنفسه، ولا شك في بطلان قولهم، وهو في الحقيقة قول المعتزلة، لأن المعتزلة يقولون القرآن مخلوق، وهو كلام الله، وهؤلاء يقولون: القرآن مخلوق، وهو عبارة عن كلام الله، فقد اتفق الجميع على أن ما بين دفتي المصحف مخلوق.
ثم لو قيل في مسألتنا - الكلام في الحديث القدسي -: إن الأَولَى ترك الخوض في هذا؛ خوفاً من أن يكون من التنطّع الهالك فاعله، والاقتصار على القول بأن الحديث القدسي ما رواه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم عن ربه وكفى؛ لكان ذلك كافياً، ولعله أسلم والله أعلم.



شرح الأربعين النووية للشيخ العثيمين رحمه الله
الحديث الرابع والعشرون[(يَا عِبَادِيْ إِنِّيْ حَرَّمْتُ الظُّلْمَ عَلَى نَفْسِيْ وَجَعَلْتُهُ بَيْنَكُمْ مُحَرَّمَاً فَلا تَظَالَمُوْا...)]

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