Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [الأرشيف] - منتديات الشروق أونلاين

اوركيــــــدا

14-11-2011, 10:09 AM

اضطراب فرط الحركة وتشتت الانتباه
(Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD
http://www.sehha.com/pedissues/ADHD1.jpg
وهو يعرف أيضا بضعف التركيز ( attention deficit disorder (ADD, وهو حالة من الاضطراب يكون الشخص فيها ليس لديه قدرة على التركيز في مهمة أو على هدف بطريقة تشكل تعارض مع قدرته على الإنتاج, وكيفية تنمية علاقاته الاجتماعية, واحترامه لذاته. والأطفال الذين يعانون من هذه الحالة ليس لديهم قدرة على الاستقرار ويكونون متهورين أو مندفعين, ولديهم نشاط مفرط بشكل مرضي, ومعرقلين أو مقاطعين, ويتسمون بالعدوانية في قاعة الدروس والمحيط الاجتماعي.

ويوجد ثلاثة أنواع من الاضطراب وهي:

نوع تكون فيه الغفلة أو السهو أو عدم الانتباه عن المهام والأنشطة هو المشكلة الأساسية, وهذا النوع يكون في كلا الجنسين من البالغين, ويكون عند البنات أكثر.
نوع يكون فيه شدة النشاط والاندفاع والحركة الغير ملائمة كالتململ وعدم القدرة على البقاء هادئا وساكنا والضجر المتواصل هو المشكلة الأساسية وهذا النوع نادر الحدوث.
نوع يكون فيه كلا النوعين السابقين مجتمعين معا وهو النوع الأكثر شيوعا.

ويعتقد الخبراء أن الأشخاص الذين يعانون من هذا الاضطراب لديهم القدر الكافي من التركيز لكن ليس لديهم القدرة على توجيه تركيزهم وتنظيمه بما يناسب, كما يعتقدون أن هؤلاء الأشخاص يركزون على تفاصيل ليست بالأهمية ويغفلون الأمور الكبيرة والأهم, وأنهم أيضا ليس لديهم القدرة على نقل اهتمامهم من شيء لآخر عندما يكون ذلك مطلوب, ومثال ذلك الطفل الذي لا يترك ألعاب الكمبيوتر عندما توضع وجبة العشاء.
وقد اهتم العلماء منذ عام 1900 بدراسة هذا النوع من الاضطراب ومازال حتى الآن يحظى باهتمامهم وأبحاثهم المتزايدة النتائج. وفى الولايات المتحدة يصيب هذا الاضطراب حوالي من 3 إلى 7 بالمائة من الأطفال ونسبة مماثلة توجد في ألمانيا وكندا ونيوزيلندا.

وفي أغلب الحالات فإن السلوك الغير عادي للطفل يكون ملحوظا عند عمر 7 سنوات, ويتم تشخيص هذا الاضطراب في سن الشباب وعند البالغين. وتبلغ نسبة الإصابة عند الصبيان ثلاثة أو أربعة أضعافها عند البنات, ولكن المعرفة المتزايدة عن هذا الاضطراب تجعل هذه النسبة في تناقص حيث يكتشف في البنات مزيد من الحالات من النوع التي تكون فيه الغفلة أو السهو المشكلة الأساسية والتي لم يكن من الممكن التعرف عليها من قبل, كما تكون النسبة متساوية في الرجال والنساء البالغين وهذا أيضا يعنى عدم الانتباه إلى تشخيص حالات تكون موجودة عند صغار البنات وأن هذه الحالات تتقدم مع الوقت لتكون أكثر وضوحا.

ويعتقد البعض أن أغلب الأطفال عندما يكبرون تتحسن حالاتهم, ويذهب عنهم هذا الاضطراب, بينما البعض أيضا يعتقد أن هذا الاضطراب يستمر معهم, وتشير المعايير إلى أن من 30 إلى 80 بالمائة من الأطفال المصابين بهذا الاضطراب يستمرون به حتى سن البلوغ, وبالنسبة لأعراض زيادة النشاط فإنها تقل مع التقدم في العمر, ويرجع الخبراء ذلك إلى أن الأشخاص كلما زاد نضجهم فإنهم يتعلمون كيف يكون لديهم القدرة على ضبط أنفسهم, أما بالنسبة لأعراض الغفلة وعدم الانتباه فتستمر مع التقدم في العمر دون أن تختفي أو تتلاشى.

والأشخاص الذين يعانون من هذا الاضطراب يكون لديهم إضرابات أخرى ذات صلة, مثل اضطرابات التعلم learning disorders, ومتلازمة الأرجل القلقة restless legs syndrome, والاكتئاب depression, و القلق (http://www.sehha.com/mentalhealth/anxiety-stress.htm)anxiety, والشخصية المستهينة بالمجتمع antisocial personality disorder, وإساءة استعمال الأدوية والمؤثرات العصبية و الادمان substance abuse disorder, واضطراب السلوك (التصرف) conduct disorder, و obsessive-compulsive behavior.

the.edge

13-08-2025, 05:27 AM

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