{ الاعاقة الذهنية ~

[أمينة ملاك]

http://twq3.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/081209111528vj7x.jpg









{ الاعاقة الذهنية ~

تعرف الإعاقة الذهنية على أنها حالة تشير إلى جوانب القصور الوظيفي للفرد وتتصف الحالة بأداء عقلي دون المتوسط بشكل واضح يكون متلازما مع جوانب قصور في مجالين أو أكثر من مجالات المهارات التكلفية التالية :

التواصل ، العناية الذاتية ، الحياة المنزلية ، المهارات الاجتماعية ، استخدام المصادر المجتمعية ، التوجه الذاتي ، الصحة والسلامة ، المهارات الأكاديمية الوظيفية ، وقت الفراغ، مهارات العمل ، وتظهر الإعاقة الذهنية قبل سن الثامنة عشرة.

الفئة درجة الذكاء
على اختبار وكسلر على اختبار ستانفورد
القابلون للتعلم ما بين 75 – 55 درجة تقريبا ما بين 73 – 52 درجة تقريبا
القابلون للتدريب ما بين 54 – 40 درجة ما بين 51 – 36 درجة تقريبا
الفئة الاعتمادية اقل من 40درجة اقل من 36 درجة

أسباب العوق العقلي :
مرحلة ما قبل الولادة مرحلة أثناء الولادة مرحلة بعد الولادة
1) الأمراض الوراثية
2) الأمراض المعدية التي تصيب الجنين
3) نقص الأكسجين
4) عدم تدفق الدم
5) تعرض الجنين للأشعة
6) تعاطي الأم الحامل لبعض الأدوية والعقاقير دون استشارة الطيب
7) أمراض سوء التغذية عند ألام الحامل

1) إصابات الجنين خاصة في الرأس والمخ
2) نزيف المخ
3) نقص الأكسجين في المخ ( الاختناق)
4) نقص السكريات في دم الجنين
5) الولادة المبكرة
6) عسر الولادة
7) الخداج 1) أصبة الطفل ببعض الأمراض والالتهابات
2) تعرض الطفل للحوادث
3) التسمم مثل الرصاص أو أكسيد الكربون
4) الحرمان البيئي والتخلف الأسري


المؤشرات الدالة على الإعاقة الذهنية

1) انخفاض القدرة العقلية.
2) ضعف التوافق الاجتماعي في البيت والمدرسة وفي المجتمع.
3) تأخر المهارات الحسية والحركية ومهارات الاتصال ولاعتماد على النفس ومهارات التنشئة الاجتماعية والتي تظهر في مرحلة المهد والطفولة المبكرة من خلال :

ا- تأخر الكلام :إذ لا يتفوه الطفل بكلمة واحدة حتى بلوغه عام ونصف.
ب -تأخر الارتقاء الحركي : إذ يوجد لدى البعض صعوبة في الجلوس بمفرده حتى سن سنتين ، ولا يمكنه رسم دائرة حتى سن 3 سنوات أو مربع في سن 5سنوات
ج- تأخر الارتقاء النفسي الحركي : صعوبة الإمساك بالقلم حتى سن سنتين
د- تأخر ارتقاء الإدراك العام : إذ لا يستطيع تجنب المخاطر الشائعة في المنزل مثل ( السكين والكبريت )
هـ - تأخر الارتقاء الأكاديمي : يوجد صعوبة في الحروف الأبجدية حتى بلوغ عامه السابع وفي التعرف على معاني شيئين أو كلمتين حتى عامه الرابع.



~ منقول للاستفادة ~

[إخلاص]

جزاك الله خيرا غاليتي على هذا الطّرح القيّم
و الّذي إستفدت من معلوماته
نسأل الله السّلامة
مودّتي

[تأمل عقل]

جزاك الله خير الجزاء على المعلومات القيمة، على الراشدين أن يكونوا بيئة بناء وسهولة لكل ذوي الأحتياجات الخاصة.
وفقنا الله لكل خير

[الحياة صبر]

جزاك الله خيرا امينة على هذا الطّرح القيّم

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