لوحات نادرة للحرب العثمانية الإيرانية (1532-1555)م

[زاوالي]

الحرب العثمانية الصفوية, حرب نشبت بين الدولة العثمانية ومقرها تركيا بقيادة السلطان سليمان القانوني والدولة الصفوية ومقرها أيران بقيادة الشاه طهماسب الأول, استمرت الحرب ما بين السنوات ( 940 - 963 هـ / 1532 - 1555 م), وانتهت بأنتصار العثمانيين وتوقيع معاهدة آماسیه التي نصت على ضم العراق إلى السلطنة العثمانية وتقاسم جورجيا وأرمينيا بين الدولتين الصفوية والعثمانية.

بعد ثتبيث حدوده في أوروبا اتجه السُلطان سليمان القانوني أبن السُلطان سليم الأول نحو آسيا حيث قامَ بحملات كبرى ضد الدولة الصفوية لتندلع بذلك الحرب العثمانية الصفوية, ويرجع سبب حملاته لحدثين بارزين، الأول هو مقتل والي بغداد الموالي لسليمان القانوني على يد الشاه طهماسب وتعويضه بموالي له والثاني تحالف والي بدليس مع الصفويين وفرض المذهب الشيعي، حيث نجحت الحملة الأولى في ضم تبريز وبدليس إلى سيطرة الدولة العثمانية دون أي مقاومة، حيث ساق الوزير الأول إبراهيم باشا الجيوش وضم العديد من الحصون والقلاع في طريقه كقلعتي وان وأريوان، وعمل الوزير الأول على بناء قلعة في تبريز وترك فيها من الحامية المنظمة مايكفي لحفظ الأمن العمومي في سنة 1534 ميلادي.

وفي شهر سبتمبر أيلول من نفس السنة وصل سليمان الأول إلى تبريز واستأنف العمليات الحربية بنفسه ضد الشاه طهماسب الذي كان يتراجع بجيشه عوض المواجهة لكن سوء الطرق وكثرة الأوحال وسوء الأحوال الجوية جعلت نقل المدفعية العثمانية الضخمة أمرا محالاً, فقام الخليفة بتحويل الوجهة نحو بغداد و بالفعل دخلها بعد هروب حاميتها الصفوية التي نكلت بالسنة وبقبر الامام الاعظم ابو حنيفة النعمان في سنة 1535سنة.

قامَ السُلطان سليمان القانوني بحملة أخرى لهزم الشاه في 1548-1549 ميلادي, كالحملات السابقة تفادى طمهاسب المواجهة المباشرة مع الجيش العثماني واختارَ التراجع فأحرق أرمينيا (منطقة بإيران), فلم يجد العثمانيون مكانا يقيهم من شتاء القوقاز القاسي, أنهى سليمان حملته بمكاسب عثمانية مؤقتة في تبريز وأرمينيا وموقع دائم في محافظة فان وقلاع في جورجيا.

وفي سنة 1553 ميلادية بدأ سليمان حملته الثالثة والأخيرة ضد الشاه, استهل سليمان الحملة باسترجاع أرضروم التي خسرها في وقت سابق وعبور الفرات العلوي وصولا إلى بلاد فارس. أكمل جيش الشاه خطته التي ترمي الترجع وعدم الاشتباك مع العثمانيين مما أدى إلى حالة جمود فلم يكن هناك لا غالب ولا مغلوب.

في سنة 1555 ميلادية, أجبرَ السلطان سليمان الشاه طهماسب على الصلح وأحقية العثمانيين في كل من أريوان وتبريز وشرق الأناضول وأمن بذلك بغداد وجنوب بلاد الرافدين ومصبات الفرات ودجلة وأخذ أجزاء من الخليج العربي ووعد الشاه أيضا بوقف هجوماته في الأراضي العثمانية.

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