الاستعارة

[دندونة]

لاشك بعد اطلاعكم على البرنامج السنوي لمادة اللغة العربية وادابها صادفتم درس الاستعارة اليكم الدرس:
الاستعارة


الاستعارة : تشبيه بليغ حذف أحد طرفيه .نفهم من الكلام السابق أن التشبيه لابد فيه من ذكر الطرفين الأساسين وهما

(المشبه والمشبه به) فإذا حذف أحد الركنين لا يعد تشبيهاً بل يصبح استعارة .
لاحظ الفرق بين : محمد أسد - رأيت أسداً يتكلم - محمد يزأر وهو يفترس الأعداء .

أنـواع الاستعـارة :

(أ) - استعارة تصريحية : وهى التي حُذِفَ فيها المشبه (الركن الأول) وصرح بالمشبه به .

&مثل
: نسي الطين ساعة أنه طين .. شبه الشاعر الإنسان بالطين ثم حذف المشبه
(الإنسان) وذكر المشبه به (الطين)على سبيل الاستعارة التصريحية .
&مثل قوله تعالى الله
وليُّ الذين آمنوا يخرجهم من الظلمات إلى النور ) .. شبه الكفر بالظلمات
والإيمان بالنور ثم حذف المشبه (الكفر والإيمان) وذكر المشبه به (الظلمات
والنور)على سبيل الاستعارة التصريحية .

& ( في قلوبهم مرض ) ، ( واعتصموا بحبل الله ) .. بين الاستعارة بنفسك .

(ب) - استعارة مكنية : وهى التي حُذِفَ فيها المشبه به (الركن الثاني) وبقيت صفة من صفاته ترمز إليه .
&مثل : حدثني التاريخ عن أمجاد أمتي فشعرت بالفخر والاعتزاز .
المحذوف
المشبه به ، فالأصل : التاريخ يتحدث كالإنسان ، ولكن الإنسان لم يذكر
وإنما ذكر في الكلام ما يدل عليه وهو قوله : حدثني (فالدليل على أنها
استعارة : أن التاريخ لا يتكلم).
&ومثل ماسبق : طار الخبر في
المدينة .. استعارة مكنية فلقد صورنا الخبر بطائر يطير ، وحذفنا الطائر
وأتينا بصفة من صفاته (طار) ، (فالدليل على أنها استعارة : أن الخبر لا
يطير). .
&يهجم علينا الدهر بجيش من أيامه ولياليه - وتبنى المجد
يا عمر بن ليلى - صحب الناس قبلنا ذا الزمانا- شاكٍ إلى البحر .. بين
الاستعارة بنفسك .
(جـ) - الاستعارة التمثيلية : أصلها تشبيه تمثيلي
حُذِفَ منه المشبه وهو (الحالة والهيئة الحاضرة) وصرح بالمشبه به وهو
(الحالة والهيئة السابقة) مع المحافظة على كلماتها وشكلها وتكثر غالباً في
الأمثال عندما تشبه الموقف الجديد بالموقف الذي قيلت فيه .
&مثل : لكل جواد كبوة - رجع بخفي حنين - سبق السيف العذل - فمن يزرعِ الشوك يجنِ الجراح .



& سر جمال الاستعارة : (التوضيح أو التشخيص أو التجسيم ) .
س : بين نوع الاستعارة فيما يأتي :
1 - سيغمر ليلنا فجر قريب .
2 - رأيت بحرًا يتصدق على الفقراء .
3 - تبارك الذي جعل في السماء بروجاً وجعل فيها سراجاً وقمراً منيراً
4 - أحاذر أن يرين الفقر بعدى وأن يشربن رنقاً بعد صاف
5 - قال عمر أبو ريشة (1908-1990م) يخاطب بلاده :
يا عروسًا تنام ملء المحاجرِ شيِّعي الحُلمَ و الطيوفَ السَّواحرِ
6 - قال أبو العتاهية : وإذا العنايةُ لاحظتكَ عُيونُها نَمْ فالمخاوفُ كُلُّهُنَّ أمانُ
7 - نامت أحلام الأطفال في فلسطين فمتى تستيقظ ؟!!
8 - لأَبي خالد القَناني : أحاذر أن يرين الفَقـْر بعـدي وأن يَشْرَبْنَ رنقاً بعدَ صـافِ
9 - يقول شوقي وهو في منفاه : أحرام على بلابله الدوح حلال للطير من كل جنس؟
10 - وسلا مصر هل سلا القلب عنها أو أسا جرحها الزمان المؤسي
11 - النور يبنى في السفوح وفى الذرا دورا مزخرفة وحينا يهدم
12 - ابتلعت أطماع اليهود حقوقنا في عروبة فلسطين .
13 - وطني خذ العهد الأكيد .
14 - أتاك الربيع الطلق يختال ضاحكا .
15 - لأبى فِراس الحمداني :
أراكَ عَصِىَّ الدَّمعِ شـيمتُكَ الصَّبْـرُ أما للِهـوَى نهىٌ عليكَ ولا أمْرُ ؟
فقُلْتُ كما شاءَتْ وشاءَ لها الـهوَى قتيـلُك. قالت: أيُّهُمْ ؟ فَهُمُ كُـثْرُ
16 - للنابغة الذبياني : فهمْ يـتساقـَوْن المنـيـّةَ بـيـنـهم .
17 - نسور الجو دمروا مواقع الأعداء .
18 - فأمطرت عين الطفل لؤلؤاً ..
ارجو وضع ردود

[ninala]

mrcccccccccccccccccccc

[قلم الهام]

شكرا جزيلا

[the.edge]

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