The story of creating the Universe in six days-(3)-Days 3 and 4
31-10-2024, 09:49 AM
The Third Day
The birth of the first stars ending the era of darkness
Over the next several billion years, the slightly denser regions of the Universe's almost uniformly distributed matter began to become gravitationally attracted to each other, causing them to grow even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures that we regularly observe today; this is known as the Structure Epoch, because it was during this time that the modern Universe began to take shape. This consists of visible matter distributed in structures ranging in size from stars and planets to galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters - where matter is concentrated - separated by enormous distances and containing only a few galaxies
The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the Universe, with cold dark matter, warm dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter being the four suggested types. However, the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter model (Lambda-CDM), in which the dark matter particles moved slowly compared to the speed of light, is considered to be the standard model of Big Bang cosmology, as it best fits the available data.
According to this model, cold dark matter, which is considered unseen matter, accounts for 23% of the Universe, while baryonic matter, which is visible matter, accounts for only 4.6% of the Universe
The Universe began to take its current form at this stage, with galaxies containing billions of stars surrounded by billions of planets, some of which were like Earth, preparing to incubate life in the future
The stars play an important role in nature; in addition to being lamps that illuminate the darkness of the Universe, they are the source of all known natural elements, ranging from helium to manganese, as well as iron and other heavier metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper. They are created by extremely harsh cosmic conditions, such as the explosion of supernovae stars, which ends their lives with a massive explosion that disperses their metal-based fragments in space. Stars, like our sun, also give birth to planets from their formative matter and provide energy to those planets. Consider how beautiful the stars are
The Fourth Day
The birth of the Earth within the solar system
More than nine billion Earth years passed after the Universe appeared out of nowhere, when the sun and its planets began to form amongst the hydrogen clouds accumulating in the sky
The sun is a medium-sized star; there are stars much larger and stars much smaller than the sun. The stars differ in color and brightness between white, yellow, and red, just as precious pearls differ in color and brightness. To enjoy the view of these treasures on the sky page, all you need to do is carefully observe the clear sky through a well-developed telescope
In contrast to billions of planets scattered throughout the Universe that are hostile to Earthly life, the planet Earth, which is our home planet in the solar system, possesses all of the ingredients and conditions required for the emergence of life. This does not rule out the possibility of intelligent life on other distant planets, though we cannot prove it yet
If Earth had formed 20% farther from the Sun, it would still be within the traditional CHZ (Circumstellar Habitable Zone), but it would have been subjected to a higher rate of asteroid and comet impact, more gravitational perturbations to its orbit and rotation, and more intense exposure to interstellar clouds and cosmic ray flux, as well as requiring more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere to maintain liquid surface water. Similar arguments can be made for the host star, the sun, and its position within the Milky Way, as well as the type of galaxy that encircles the solar system
If we change one parameter, it is rare that we can change another to compensate for any negative effects on life. Astrobiologists are discovering that processes that affect planetary habitability are intertwined in a complex web that imposes severe constraints as they continue to learn about the formation and long-term evolution of planetary systems. Consider the following: The four fundamental forces that dominate the Universe, namely the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the universal gravity force, are tuned to the levels required for atoms and consequently everything to exist
The same critical circumstances that enable us to exist also put us in the best overall position to make scientific discoveries. We can say that the same conditions that make Earth suitable for intelligent life also make it suitable for viewing and examining the Universe as a whole. Searching for habitable planets entails not only looking for planets that could support Earthly life in the galaxy, but also ensuring that these habitable planets have the best overall conditions for scientific discovery, including the ability to observe the distant Universe.
If we were in a spiral arm, the surrounding area of space would be cloudy due to dust and other objects, similar to a cloudy day in Seattle. It would be difficult to see the planets, let alone other stars, in many places. The most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century would never have been made if the Earth and solar system had been located somewhere else in the sky
When life first emerged on Earth, about 3.8 billion years ago, it was a primitive process that resulted from the assembly of a few nucleic acids. However, the mechanism by which these acids accumulated and caused the emergence of life is still unknown. Such organic molecules have been observed in environments other than Earth; they were discovered in the spectral signatures of stars and gas clouds, as well as in the (Murchison) meteorite that crashed to Earth in 1969 and contained 92 different amino acids, the majority of which had never been observed on Earth. However, the origin of life's mystery remains unsolved; how could a chain of amino acids (so) transform into a living organism with a metabolic system that turns food into energy?
Over the past 3.5 billion years, the number, size, shape, and geographical placement of the continents and their associated continental shelves has gradually delivered the just-right tidal torques to slow Earth's rotation rate to 24 hours precisely within the narrow time window in which advanced civilization is possible.
Life on Earth was not immune to difficulties, as it was subjected to long ice ages and the collision of the Earth with massive comets descending from the sky, which resulted in the extinction of the giant breeds of dinosaurs that once roamed the planet. But life was ste***ast and triumphant in every crisis, reappearing in various types and new forms compatible with environmental changes. All of this paved the way for the appearance of what is now known as the human erectus more than 2 million years ago.
The birth of the first stars ending the era of darkness
Over the next several billion years, the slightly denser regions of the Universe's almost uniformly distributed matter began to become gravitationally attracted to each other, causing them to grow even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures that we regularly observe today; this is known as the Structure Epoch, because it was during this time that the modern Universe began to take shape. This consists of visible matter distributed in structures ranging in size from stars and planets to galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters - where matter is concentrated - separated by enormous distances and containing only a few galaxies
The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the Universe, with cold dark matter, warm dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter being the four suggested types. However, the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter model (Lambda-CDM), in which the dark matter particles moved slowly compared to the speed of light, is considered to be the standard model of Big Bang cosmology, as it best fits the available data.
According to this model, cold dark matter, which is considered unseen matter, accounts for 23% of the Universe, while baryonic matter, which is visible matter, accounts for only 4.6% of the Universe
The Universe began to take its current form at this stage, with galaxies containing billions of stars surrounded by billions of planets, some of which were like Earth, preparing to incubate life in the future
The stars play an important role in nature; in addition to being lamps that illuminate the darkness of the Universe, they are the source of all known natural elements, ranging from helium to manganese, as well as iron and other heavier metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper. They are created by extremely harsh cosmic conditions, such as the explosion of supernovae stars, which ends their lives with a massive explosion that disperses their metal-based fragments in space. Stars, like our sun, also give birth to planets from their formative matter and provide energy to those planets. Consider how beautiful the stars are
The Fourth Day
The birth of the Earth within the solar system
More than nine billion Earth years passed after the Universe appeared out of nowhere, when the sun and its planets began to form amongst the hydrogen clouds accumulating in the sky
The sun is a medium-sized star; there are stars much larger and stars much smaller than the sun. The stars differ in color and brightness between white, yellow, and red, just as precious pearls differ in color and brightness. To enjoy the view of these treasures on the sky page, all you need to do is carefully observe the clear sky through a well-developed telescope
In contrast to billions of planets scattered throughout the Universe that are hostile to Earthly life, the planet Earth, which is our home planet in the solar system, possesses all of the ingredients and conditions required for the emergence of life. This does not rule out the possibility of intelligent life on other distant planets, though we cannot prove it yet
If Earth had formed 20% farther from the Sun, it would still be within the traditional CHZ (Circumstellar Habitable Zone), but it would have been subjected to a higher rate of asteroid and comet impact, more gravitational perturbations to its orbit and rotation, and more intense exposure to interstellar clouds and cosmic ray flux, as well as requiring more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere to maintain liquid surface water. Similar arguments can be made for the host star, the sun, and its position within the Milky Way, as well as the type of galaxy that encircles the solar system
If we change one parameter, it is rare that we can change another to compensate for any negative effects on life. Astrobiologists are discovering that processes that affect planetary habitability are intertwined in a complex web that imposes severe constraints as they continue to learn about the formation and long-term evolution of planetary systems. Consider the following: The four fundamental forces that dominate the Universe, namely the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the universal gravity force, are tuned to the levels required for atoms and consequently everything to exist
The same critical circumstances that enable us to exist also put us in the best overall position to make scientific discoveries. We can say that the same conditions that make Earth suitable for intelligent life also make it suitable for viewing and examining the Universe as a whole. Searching for habitable planets entails not only looking for planets that could support Earthly life in the galaxy, but also ensuring that these habitable planets have the best overall conditions for scientific discovery, including the ability to observe the distant Universe.
If we were in a spiral arm, the surrounding area of space would be cloudy due to dust and other objects, similar to a cloudy day in Seattle. It would be difficult to see the planets, let alone other stars, in many places. The most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century would never have been made if the Earth and solar system had been located somewhere else in the sky
When life first emerged on Earth, about 3.8 billion years ago, it was a primitive process that resulted from the assembly of a few nucleic acids. However, the mechanism by which these acids accumulated and caused the emergence of life is still unknown. Such organic molecules have been observed in environments other than Earth; they were discovered in the spectral signatures of stars and gas clouds, as well as in the (Murchison) meteorite that crashed to Earth in 1969 and contained 92 different amino acids, the majority of which had never been observed on Earth. However, the origin of life's mystery remains unsolved; how could a chain of amino acids (so) transform into a living organism with a metabolic system that turns food into energy?
Over the past 3.5 billion years, the number, size, shape, and geographical placement of the continents and their associated continental shelves has gradually delivered the just-right tidal torques to slow Earth's rotation rate to 24 hours precisely within the narrow time window in which advanced civilization is possible.
Life on Earth was not immune to difficulties, as it was subjected to long ice ages and the collision of the Earth with massive comets descending from the sky, which resulted in the extinction of the giant breeds of dinosaurs that once roamed the planet. But life was ste***ast and triumphant in every crisis, reappearing in various types and new forms compatible with environmental changes. All of this paved the way for the appearance of what is now known as the human erectus more than 2 million years ago.
