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> الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء الثالث

 
أدوات الموضوع
  • ملف العضو
  • معلومات
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
  • تاريخ التسجيل : 18-05-2016
  • الدولة : العراق
  • المشاركات : 1,117
  • معدل تقييم المستوى :

    9

  • قحطان الخطيب is on a distinguished road
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء الثالث
03-07-2016, 01:25 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية
تأليف وترجمة: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق

الجزء الثالث Part Three
تعبيرات اصطلاحية أكثر More Idiomatic Expressions

1- according to = (as shown by something)
حسب ، طبقا لـ ، بموجب
Shylock was punished according to the law.
2- a large number of = (plural form of a countable noun)
عدد كبير من
There are a large number of spoons on the table.
3- the large amount of = (singular + uncountable noun + singular)
كمية كبيرة من
There is a large amount of water in the swimming pool
4- a little way off = (singular - a distance in space)
مسافة قليلة
I met him a little way off the market.
5- afraid of = (having or showing fear)
خائف من
My friend is afraid of snakes.
6- after all = (in spite of everything)
بالرغم من كل شيء
After all, it does not matter whether you come or not !
7- all over = (at an end, finished)
انتهت
The lecture was all over when I entered the class.
8- angry at = (feeling or showing anger)
غاضب لـ
Mr. Brown was angry at the failure of his son at college.
9- angry with = (feeling or showing anger)
غاضب من
The director is angry with his employee.
10- apart from = (except for)
ما عدا ، فضلا عن
Apart from her illness, the girl is a good servant.
11- as a result = (what happens because of an action or event)
كنتيجة
I worked hard last night. As a result I am tired now.
12- ashamed of = (feeling sorry about somebody or something)
خجول
Tom must be ashamed of his bad behavior.
13- at all = (in any degree)
مطلقا
Our architect never tells a lie at all.
14- at any rate = (used when you are giving more exact information about something)
على الأقل ، على الأصح
The runners were slow; at any rate they arrived in time.
15-
at best = (taking the most hopeful view)
في أحسن الأحوال
The sick man cannot live more than three days at best.
16- at first sight = (at the first time of seeing or considering)
من النظرة الأولى
Love, at first sight, is never right for some people.
17- at least = (not less than, and probably more, in the minimum)
على الأقل
I need at least an hour to finish my report.
18- busy at = (not free, having a lot of work or tasks to do)
مشغول بـ
I was busy at work this morning when you phoned me.
19- busy with = (to keep oneself busy)
يشغل نفسه بـ
To forget his troubles, the doctor busied himself with reading.
20- by a stroke of luck = (singular-something that happens unexpectedly)
شيء مفاجئ
I met the postman by a stroke of luck .
21- by accident = (by chance, without being planned)
مصادفة
The gang broke the window by accident.
22- by mistake = (in error)
خطأ ، بالغلط ، سهوا
Sorry, I took your book by mistake.
23- byte = (computing-a unit of information that can represent one item, such as a letter or a number)
وحدة معلومات في الكومبيوتر
A byte is usually made up of a series of eight small units called bits
24- can afford = (to have enough money to do something)
يقدر ماليا
I think Mary can afford to buy a big house.
25- certain of = (completely sure, without doubt)
متأكد ، واثق
The policeman is quite certain of one thing-she didn’t take the money.
26- composed of = (made up of something, having as its parts)
مؤلف من
Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.
27- due to = (caused by or because of somebody or something)
ناتج عن ، بسبب
His absence was due to his illness.
28- familiar to = (well-known to somebody)
مألوف ، معروف
Helen’s face seemed familiar to all of us.
29- familiar with = (having a good knowledge of something)
ذو إلمام ، عليم
The new tourist is familiar with our customs.
30-

for ever = (for good)
مدى الحياة
Sue will stay here for ever.
31- for fear of = (because of anxiety)
خوفا من
The servant shut the door for fear of seeing the thief.
32- for the purpose of = (the reason for doing or making something)
لغرض
She went to the market for the purpose of buying a pullover.
33- from now on = (starting at a particular time and continuing for ever)
من الآن فصاعدا
From now on, my brothers will not speak to that liar.
34- full of = (holding or containing as much or as many as possible
مملوء بـ
This bag is full of potatoes.
35- good for nothing = (suitable for nothing)
لا يصلح لأي شيء
This servant is a good for nothing .
36- grateful to = (thankful)
ممتن
I am grateful to you for your kind attention.
37- guilty of = (having broken the law, being responsible for doing something wrong)
مذنب بـ
The porter is guilty of murder and theft.
38- hearty welcome = (showing warm and friendly feelings)
تحية قلبية حارة
Linda was given a hearty welcome when she arrived.
39- hopeful for = (giving help)
محب للمساعدة ، مفيد ، معين
The teacher is hopeful for his students in the exam.
40- in case = (because something might happen)
تحسبا لـ ، في حالة
In case you do not know, I shall tell you.
41- in charge of = (in control or command of something or somebody)
مشرف على ، مسؤول عن
That librarian was in charge of this library last year.
42- in comparison with somebody or something = (when compared)
بالمقارنة مع ، بالنسبة إلى
Mr. Ivan's knowledge of English is great in comparison with David’s.
43- in memory of somebody = (in order to remind people of somebody who had died)
تخليدا لذكرى
Philip kept his photograph in memory of the death.
44- in public = (when other people are present)
علنا ، أمام الملأ
I don’t like to speak about my experience in public.
45-
in return for something = (as payment or in exchange for something)
مقابل ، لقاء ، عوضا عن
Jack treats me kindly in return for my help to him.
46- in spite of = (despite)
بالرغم من
The pupil came to school in spite of the heavy rain.
47- take care of = (look after)
يعتني بـ
After his mother’s death, my aunt took care of the baby.
48- in time = (not late, at the right time)
في الوقت المطلوب ، قبل فوات الأوان
I reached home in time as usual.
49- in turn = (one after the other)
على التعاقب
Please leave the classroom in turn.
50- innocent of something = (not having done wrong, not guilty)
بريء
The man is innocent of the crime.
51- instead of = (in the place of somebody or something)
بدلا من ، عوضا عن
Instead of traveling by train , he traveled by plane.
52- interested in = (wanting to know or hear about something or somebody, keen on)
مهتم بـ
David is interested in collecting stamps.
53- by any chance = (used for asking somebody politely, perhaps or possibly)
ربما ، لعلك
Are you, by any chance, going to theater this evening ?
54- it is no use = (it is no value)
لا فائدة من
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
55- jealous of = (feeling upset because you think that somebody loves another person more than you)
غيور
That girl is jealous of Paul whenever he speaks with his girl friend.
56- married to somebody = (having a husband or wife)
متزوج
Old Mac was married to a new wife in 2014.
57- no doubt = (a feeling of certainty)
لا شك
No doubt, the nurse will come this evening to see the patient.
58- not only .... but also = (besides, moreover)
ليس .. فحسب .. وإنما أيضا
Today is not only stormy but also windy.
59- to break open = (to open by force)
يفتح قفلا عنوة
Two thieves broke open the safe in the cashier’s room.
60-

to break out = (to start suddenly-said of wars, fighting, fires)
يندلع ، ينشب
The Second World War broke out in 1941.
61- to call in = (to ask someone to come)
يستدعي
I called in doctor Jones when my father’s case was serious.
62- to call upon = (to request, invite)
يناشد
The judge called upon the defendant to tell the truth.
63- to carry away = (to shift)
ينقل
The doorman carried away the rubbish very quickly .
64- to carry off = (to shift by force)
ينقل بالقوة
The stranger carried off the money secretly.
65- to carry on = (to go on, keep on, continue)
يستمر
The workers cannot carry on the work without cement.
66- to come out = (to appear)
يطلع ، يصدر ، يظهر
The news came out yesterday in the evening paper.
67- to come to her senses = (to revive, become healthy again)
يفيق من إغماء
She had fainted, and it took her two days to come to her senses.
68- to come upon = (to meet by chance)
يلتقي صدفة
They were wandering in the desert , when they came upon a spring of water.
69- to compare to = (to consider people or things in order to find ways in which they are similar or different)
يقارن بـ
Some poets compare roses to sweet girls.
70- to compare with = (to be of the same quality as somebody or something)
يشبه ، يعادل في النوعية
I can not compare your handwriting with mine at all.
71- to consist of = (to be made up of something)
يتألف من
Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen.
72- to dress up = (to put on special or unusual clothes for fun or for a play)
يرتدي ملابس تنكرية
I shall go and dress up for Mr. Miller’s party.
73- to cut out = (to remove something or to form something into a particular shape by cutting)
يفصل ثوبا أو أي شيء
I can see a tailor cut out a coat from the roll of cloth for Susan.
74- to deal in something = (to buy and sell something, to trade in something)
يتاجر بـ
That merchant deals in various goods.
75- to deal with somebody = (to behave towards somebody or something, handle something)
يتعامل مع ، يعامل
Nobody quite knows how to deal with this problem.
76- to depend on = (to rely on)
يعتمد على ، يتكل على
The baby depends on his parents for advice.
77- to do one’s best = (to try very hard)
يبذل قصارى جهده
The mountaineer did his best to climb Mount Everest.
78- to dress in something = (to wear something)
يرتدي ، يلبس
The girl was dressed in black at the funeral.
79- to earn his living = (to get money by working for his living)
يكسب عيشه
Arthur earns his living as an artist.
80- to fight for something = (to try very hard to get or keep something)
يكافح لأجل
Those citizens are fighting for their rights.
81- to fill with = (to make something full or become full)
يملأ
The milkman filled the bottle with milk.
82- to find out = (to discover)
يكتشف
The passengers found out that it was too late to catch the train.
83- fond of something = (interested in something)
مولع بـ
I am fond of plying the piano.
84- to free from something = (not having something dangerous, unpleasant, etc.)
يفلت من ، يهرب
How wonderful to go away for a month, free from worries and responsibility !
85- to go about something = (to start trying to do something difficult)
يباشر أمرا صعبا
I wouldn’t have any idea how to go about building a house.
86- to go after = (to follow, pursue)
يسعى وراء ، يتبع
The police went after the criminal and caught him at last.
87- to go away = (to depart, go off, leave)
يغادر ، يذهب ، يمضي
Our guest wanted to go away but I refused.
88- to have something on = (to wear as clothes)
يرتدي
I had no shoes on when I met the postman.
89- to keep away = (to be away from)
يبتعد
You must keep away from the well. It is very deep.
90- to keep down = (to hold in subjection, prevent from rising)
يقمع
It will take a strong force to keep down the mountain tribes.
91- to keep in with = (to continue to agree with, not to quarrel with)
يبقى على علاقة ودية مع
He will keep in with the paymaster if he possibly can.
92- to laugh at somebody or something = (to show by laughing that you think somebody or something is funny)
يسخر من ، يهزا بـ
Don’t laugh at anybody at all.
93- to lead on to = (to continue leading as far as)
يغري بسلوك سبيل الضلال
Gambling often leads on to other vices.
94- to learn by heart = (to memorize)
يحفظ على ظهر قلب
You must learn this poem by heart.
95- to leave out = (to omit)
يهمل ، يسقط
In copying this paper, be careful not to leave out any words.
96- to let off = (to release)
يعفو عن ، يطلق سراح ، يحرر
The police officer let that man off.
97- to look about = (to look on all sides)
يحترس ، يتفحص ما حوله
Look about. One is to be on the watch.
98- to look like = (to resemble)
يشبه
Barbara looks like a queen now.
99- to look up to a person = (to respect him/her, to regard him/her with esteem)
يحترم ، يعجب بـ
We all look up to our instructor because of his good character.
100- to make haste = (to hurry up)
يسرع
Make haste. We are late for the airplane.
101- to make up for = (to compensate for)
يعوض عن
The absent students cannot make up for this lecture.










  • ملف العضو
  • معلومات
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
  • تاريخ التسجيل : 18-05-2016
  • الدولة : العراق
  • المشاركات : 1,117
  • معدل تقييم المستوى :

    9

  • قحطان الخطيب is on a distinguished road
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء الرابع
03-07-2016, 01:28 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية
تأليف وترجمة: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق

الجزء الرابع Part Four
GENERAL EXERCISES WITH SOLUTIONS ON IDIOMS تماريـــن عامــــة مــع الحـلول حـول الاصطلاحـــــــــــــــــــات
Exercise (1) Choose the correct expression a, b, or c :

1- If something does not make sense, it is not .................................................. ..................... .
a. funny b. true c. logical
2- If someone drops out, he .................................................. .................................................. . .
a. begins b. is often absent c. leaves permanently
3- If I set out early, I .................................................. .................................................. ............ .
a. arrive early b. wake up early c. leave early
4- If I build up my strength, I .................................................. ............................................... .
a. undermine it b. increase it c. underestimate it
5- If Helen never sticks to anything, she never ………………………………………......... .
a. arrives on time b. stays at home c. perseveres or continues for sufficient period of time
6- If I feel like doing something, I ........... .
a. have the desire to do it b. feel well c. feel foolish
7- If you hear from someone, you .................................................. ......................................... .
a. hear of him b. receive some communication from him c. listen to him
8- If you make fun of someone, you .................................................. ...................................... .
a. laugh at or ridicule him b. call him down c. tell him a joke
9- If you look forward to something, you .................................................. ............................. .
a. look it over b. anticipate it c. look it up
10- If I eat in every night, I ........... .
a. eat a lot b. eat in a restaurant c. eat at home
11- If I have got to leave early, I .................................................. ........................................... .
a. want to leave early b. should leave early c. will stay more
12- If I can’t keep up with you, I can not .................................................. ............................. .
a. support you b. maintain the same speed as you c. keep my promise
13- If someone breaks into your home, he .................................................. ........................... .
a. visits you b. leaves a message for you c. enters by force
14-"Have you got a cigar ?" This means "................................................. .................... . ?"
a. Did you buy a cigar b. Did you obtain a cigar c. Do you have a cigar
15- If I am named after someone, I .................................................. ...................................... .
a. have a similar character b. have been given the same name c. imitate him in everything
16- If I take something apart, I .................................................. ............................................ .
a. criticize it b. assemble it c. separate the different parts
17- If I put something together, I .................................................. ......................................... .
a. assemble it b. think it up c. put it away
18- If I say, "Hold on a moment" I mean ……………………………………………......... .
a. wait a moment b. sit down a moment c. call back later
1) a 5) c 9) b 13) c 17) a
2) c 6) a 10) c 14) c 18) a
3) c 7) b 11) b 15) b
4) b 8) a 12) b 16) c
Exercise (2) Choose the correct expression from the list below: a, b, c ... etc. to give synonyms for the underlined words :
a) all right e) called on i) waiting for
b) little by little f) find out j) tired out
c) right here g) as usual
d) at last h) looking for

1-Mary is seeking the pocketbook which she lost yesterday.
2-As always, I am late again for the lesson.
3-Did you discover what his name was ?
4-I am extremely tired after all that physical exercise.
5-Jack said that he would wait for us exactly here.
6-Some old friends of my father visited us last night.
7-Gradually, his English seems to be getting better.
8-They are awaiting their brother who is arriving tonight at five p.m.
9-We waited and finally Martin arrived.
10-He said that it would be satisfactory for us to call again later.
ANSWERS: 1.h 2.g 3.f 4.j 5.c 6.e 7.b 8.i 9.d 10.a
Exercise (3) Give idiomatic expressions for the underlined words or expressions :
1- By the way , have you seen Peter recently ?
2- Do not throw away this magazines yet .
3- I see him every now and then at the airport .
4- This coat does not go with my tie .
5- We got mixed up in our direction .
6- How is Jane doing in her new job ?
7- You can communicate with him at the Medical College.
8- We are gradually becoming accustomed to this climate
9- Sarah and I alternated helping the teacher to clean the board.
10- Jack will watch the baby while we go to school .
ANSWERS:
1. incidentally 6. getting along with
2. discard 7. keep in touch with
3. occasionally 8. getting
4. match 9. took turns
5. confused 10. take are of
Exercise (4) Give idiomatic expressions for the underlined words or expressions :
1- He left out the third question on his examination .
2- Such a thing is absolutely out of the question.
3- We talked over the problem for a long time
4- I did not get through work until almost eight o’clock .
5- He likes to find fault with the work of others .
6- I want to look over the correspondence before it goes out
7- He was living in Liverpool when the war broke out .
8- You must take into consideration the fact that he is ill .
9- She was fainted but came to immediately .
10- He is planning to take up Biology in college.
ANSWERS:
1. omitted 6. examine
2. impossible 7. started
3. discussed 8. take into account
4. finish 9. revived
5. criticize 10.study
Exercise (5) Give idiomatic expressions for the underlined words or expressions :
1- He did not want to take part in the meeting .
2- She lives by herself in a furnished room .
3- We talked over your problem for along time .
4- I want to pick out a present for my friend.
5- The accident took place on Bond Street .
6- He has made up his mind to study medicine .
7- She has gone back to Liverpool for good.
8- All of the sudden the lights went out.
9- He kept on talking for two hours .
10- The meeting was put off until next week .
ANSWERS:
1. participate 6. decided
2. alone 7. for ever
3. discussed 8. suddenly
4. choose 9. continued
5. happened 10. postponed
Exercise (6) Give idiomatic expressions for the underlined words or expressions :
1- He arises at the same time every morning .
2- She telephoned me very late last night .
3- Helen said that she was going to mail the latter immediately .
4- Be sure to extinguish the light before you leave the room .
5- She placed on herself her new hat and stood admiring herself in the mirror .
6- Remove your coat and sit down for a few minutes .
7- Originally I thought Dr. Jackson was abroad , but then I found out that he was at home.
8- He boarded the bus at 27 Avenue.
9- The bus was so crowded that we had difficulty in leaving .
10- John took with his fingers the pencil which was lying on the floor.
ANSWERS:
1. gets up 6. Take off
2. called……up 7. At first
3. right away 8. got on
4. turn off 9. getting out
5. put on 10. picked up
Exercise (7) Give idiomatic expressions for the underlined words or expressions :
1- Gradually, his English seems to be getting better .
2- As always , I am late again for the lesson .
3- Did you discover what his name was?
4- I am extremely tired after all that physical exercise.
5- He said that he would want for us exactly here .
6- Some old friends of my father visited us last night .
7- Jonathan is seeking the pocketbook which he lost yesterday.
8- They are awaiting their brother who is arriving tonight at one a.m.
9- We waited and finally he arrived
10- He said that it would be satisfactory for us to call again later.
ANSWERS:
1. Little by little 6. called on
2. As usual 7. looking for
3. find out 8. waiting for
4. tired out 9. at last
5. right here 10. all right.
Exercise (8) Fill in the blank spaces with idioms taken from the list below:-
a) [ gone out , ran across , put off , run out , brings up ]
1- While I was on my way home , I ………………………………………….. an old friend .
2- Our supply of tea has …………………………………………………………………….. .
3- She …………………………………………………………………... her children kindly .
4-Before we arrived , the fire had ……………………………………………………….….. .
5- Never ……………………………...………….….. till tomorrow what you can do today .
ANSWERS: 1. ran across 2. run out 3. brings up 4. gone out 5. put off
b) [ looking for , go with , taken off , make up , look after ]
1- Can you …………………………………………………... what the doctor has written ?
2- What are they ……………………………………………………………………………. ?
3- The gardener will ……………………………….….. my garden when I travel abroad .
4- This rose doesn’t …………………………………………………………….... this dress.
5- The plane for Rome has already …………………………………………………………
ANSWERS: 1. make up 2. looking for 3. look after 4. go with 5. taken off
c) [ keep out , put forward , calls for , turned up , call at , keeping an eye on ]
1- This injury ………………………………………………………….. the help of a doctor .
2- The policeman was……………………………………………………………... the thief .
3- He’ll …………………………………………………….. the baker’s to get some bread .
4- Swimmers cover their bodies with grease to …………………………..….. the cold of the sea .
5- The defense, ………………………………………………..…... by the lawyer, was fine .
6- He promised to come but he hasn’t ……………………………………………….… yet .
ANSWERS: 1. calls for 2 keeping an eye on 3. call at 4. keep out 5. put forward 6. turned up
d) [ set up , Look out , get rid of , keep in touch with, brought about , looks like ]
1- Mr. Gray and his friend ……………………………………. each other through letters .
2- A new branch of the Swiss Bank has been ……………………………………… in Oslo .
3- Snow ………………………………………………………………………………... cotton .
4- ………………………………………………………………………. ! a snake is near you .
5- He’s decided to ……………………………………………………….… these old papers .
6- The high speed …………………………………………..… the road accident last night .
ANSWERS: 1. keep in touch with 2. set up 3. looks like 4. Look out 5. get rid of 6.brought about
Exercise (9) with no answers. Choose the correct choice a, b, c or d:-
1- On seeing the policeman , the thief ran ………………………………….………………………. .
a. out b. into c. away d. short
2- The meeting broke …………………………………………………….………..…… at midnight .
a. into b. off c. away d. up
3- The fire brigade managed to put ……………………………………………… the fire quickly .
a. right b. out c. up d. back
4- Let’s get ………………………………………………………………………...…… the next bus .
a. up b. away c. through d. on
5- Does the steamer call ……………………………………………………………..port regularly ?
a. at b. off c. on d. out
Exercise (10) with no answers. Choose the correct choice a, b, c or d:-
1- Mary ………………………………………………….… for Paris to continue her study .
a. set in b. set aside c. set out d. set up
2- I'm glad you’ve ……………………………………………………….…. the driving test .
a. got on b. got through c. got up d. got off
3- Don’t forget to …………………………………….…….. the light before you go to bed .
a. turn on b. turn up c. turn into d. turn off
4- He crossed the road quickly lest he should be ……………………………...…. by a car .
a. run into b. run out c. run over d. run across
5- Water is …………………………………………………………… oxygen and hydrogen .
a. made up his mind b. made out c. made up of d. made for
6- Don’t …………………………………………………………….…. any valuable advice .
a. set up b. set aside c. set in d. set free
Exercise (11) Use the words in brackets to make idiomatic expressions:-
1- We decided to leave for Brighton in summer . (make)
We made up our minds to leave for London in summer.
2-The rain continued for six hours . (go)
The rain went on for six hours .
3- The bird was released . (set)
The bird was set free.
4- The nurse takes care of the children . (look)
The nurse looks after the children.
5- She has stopped smoking . (give)
She has given up smoking.
6- We heard the tire explode . (go)
We heard the tire go off.
7- Can you tell us when the accident has happened ? (take)
Can you tell us when the accident has taken place?
8- He is good at inventing stories . (make)
He is good at making up stories .
9- The thieves entered the bank by force. (break)
The thieves broke into the bank .
10-The troops were forced to surrender . (give)
The troops were forced to give up .
11- The boat has sunk during the storm . (go)
The boat has gone down during the storm .
12- Susan has written a few notes in her book . (take)
Susan has taken down a few notes in her book.
13- I resemble my father . (look)
I look like my father.
14- Would you mind switching on the radio? (turn)
Would you mind turning on the radio ?
15- Tom telephoned his father early in the morning . (get)
Tom got in touch with his father early in the morning.
16- The second world war began in 1939 . (break)
The second world war broke out in 1939.
17- He's returned home quite early . (go)
He's going back home quite early .
18- Some friends visited us late last night. (call)
Some friends called on us late last night.
19- He continued working till sunset . (carry)
He carried on working till sunset .
20- Sue removed her glasses and started talking to me . (take )
Sue took off her glasses and started talking to me .
21- I'm leaving the train at the next station . (get )
I'm getting off the train at the next station.
22- Try hard to avoid making mistakes . (do)
Do your best to avoid making mistakes.
23- We waited for fifteen minutes, but the bus didn’t appear . (turn)
We waited for fifteen minutes, but the bus didn’t turn up.
24- I’m expecting your visit with pleasure . (look)
I’m looking forward to your visit with pleasure .
25- Hurry up, we are rather late ! (come)
Come on, we are rather late !
26- On hearing the knock, she went towards the door . (make)
On hearing the knock , she made for the door .
27- Has Jack participated in the high jump ? (take)
Has Jack taken part in the high jump ?
28- I can not extinguish the fire. . (put )
I can not put out the fire.
29- They are making a lot of progress in English . (do)
They are doing well in English.
30- He paid no attention to her request . (take)
He took no interest in her request .
31- I didn't need my umbrella as it didn't rain . (turn)
I didn't need my umbrella as it turned out.
32- The other boys are always laughing at poor Tom . (make)
The other boys are always making fun of poor Tom .
33- He entered the lawyer’s room . (go)
He went in the lawyer’s room .
34- I’ve found by chance this old stamp in my drawer . (come)
I’ve come across this old stamp in my drawer .
35- He reached the station early enough to catch the train . (get)
He got to the station early enough to catch the train .
36- The lawyer has examined the papers . (go)
The lawyer has gone over the papers .
37- At last he discovered the truth . (find)
At last he found out the truth .
38- The match was postponed because of the bad weather . (put)
The match was put off because of the bad weather.
39- When Mr. Smith left, Mrs. Jones became responsible for his work . (take)
When Mr. Smith left, Mrs. Jones took care of his work.
40- The student decided to strengthen his vocabulary. (build)
The student decided to build up his vocabulary.













  • ملف العضو
  • معلومات
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
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قحطان الخطيب
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رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء الخامس
03-07-2016, 01:30 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية
تأليف وترجمة: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق

الجزء الخامس / مراجعة Part Five / Revision

1- to break loose = (to become free, escape )
He broke loose from the police and ran away. يفلت
2- to break in = (to enter a building by force)
Burglars had broken in while they were away. يقتحم
3- to break into something = (to enter a building by force; to open a car, etc. by force )
One thief broke into my house last night. يقتحم عنوة
4- to break off = ( to terminate )
We may break off relation with that hostile country. يفصل , ينتهي العقد
5- to break out = (to occur suddenly)
He was living in Canada when the war broke out. ينشب , يتفشى
6- to bring about = (to cause to happen )
The accident was brought about by John’s carelessness. يمهد السبيل
7- to bring back = (to return )
I brought the book back to the library yesterday. يرجع
8- to bring out = (to produce, to present)
They try to bring out one new book each month . يعرض , يقدم , يكشف

9- to bring to = (to revive)
This medicine will surely bring him to . ينقش , ينقذ
10- to bring up = (to rear, raise from childhood)
He was born in Madrid but brought up in Tokyo. يربي يعلم
11- to build up = (to increase , make stronger )
He needs a good tonic to build up his strength.
You have to read more so that you can build up your vocabulary. يزيد
12- to burn down = (to burn to the ground)
Their house burned down and they had to build a new one . اشتعل حتى أسفله
13- to burn out = (to stop functioning )
There are no lights everywhere in the house, perhaps , a fuse
has burned out . يحترق
14- to burn up = (to burn completely )
He burned up the letter and throw the ashes into the fireplace . اشتعل كلياً
15- to burst out crying = (to begin suddenly to cry)
Everyone was quiet when Jack suddenly burst out crying . ينفجر باكياً
16- to buy out = ( to buy a business from another person.
He can sell his interests in that business any time because
Mr. Mac Arthur will buy it out . يشتري
17- to buy up = (to buy the complete stock of)
He is trying to buy up all the available old houses . يشتري صفقة واحدة
18- by error = (by mistake)
He made a telephone call by error. سهوا
19- by heart = (by memory )
We have to memorize that poem by heart . على ظهر قلب , غيباً
20-by oneself = (alone )
Jack did the work by himself. No one helped him . بنفسه
21- by the way = (incidentally)
By the way , have you seen George in London ? على فكرة
22- to call down = (to scold, reprimand)
Don’t call Mary down for that mistake. I am sure that she did not
do it on purpose. يوبخ
23- to call for = (to go to get, pick up)
He promised to call for her at six o’clock . يأخذ , يلتقط
24- to call off = (to cancel )
The flight between Brussels and Geneva will be called off temporarily. يلغي
25- to call on = (to visit )
Last night several friends called on us. يزور , يعرج على
26- to call up = (to telephone )
Did Jean call you up last night? يتصل تلفونيا
27- to catch cold = (to become sick with the cold )
If you go out in this rain, you will certainly catch cold . يتمرض بأمراض الشتاء
28- to catch fire = (to begin to burn)
No one seems to know how the building caught fire . يشتعل
29- to carry out = (to complete , accomplish)
They carried out this plan without difficulty. ينجز
30- to catch on = (to understand, particularly to grasp the meaning of
a humorous story)
Did you catch on what the professor said ? يفهم ، يستوعب

31- to check out of = (leaving time , (a hotel, etc.)
Guests should check out of their rooms by noon. يسجل مغادرة
32- to check up = (to examine, check , inspect )
Ann is going to the doctor to have a general check up . فحص أو يفحص طبيا
33- to cheer up = (to make happier, inspire)
I have some news which I am sure will cheer you up . يسر , يبهج
34- to come about = (to happen , result)
How did the accident come about ? يجري , يحدث
35- to come across = (to find by chance , or to meet unexpectedly)
While I was going to Budapest , I came across my friend, Jack . التقى صدفة
36- to come to = (to revive)
At first, we thought the man was dead but soon he came to . أفاق وعى
37- to come true = (to prove to be true or correct)
What the radio said about the weather for today has certainly
come true. يتحقق
38- to cross out = (to cancel – often by marking with crosses, omit)
Why did you cross out the last line of your composition? يشطب
39- to cut in = (to interrupt , enter sharply into the path of another)
We were talking quietly when Marcia cut in . يقاطع , يعترض
40- to cut off = (to remove by cutting the ends -- also to terminate
abruptly).
The rope was too long; so we cut off about six feet of it . يقطع , يبتر
41- to cut out = (to remove by cutting – also to stop doing something)
I wish I could cut out smoking . يقلع عن
42- to die away = (to diminish gradually in the distance, referring to
sound )
The sound of the horn on the excursion train slowly died away . يتلاشى
43- to die down = (to decrease, lessen in intensity)
The room seemed warm enough, so we let the fire die down. يتناقص
44- to die out = (to disappear gradually but completely)
The style of that sport died out years ago . انتهى ، ينفذ مفعوله
45- to do one’s best = (to try as hard as he can)
I tried to do my best to help that poor man as you asked me . يبذل قصارى جهده
46- to do over = (to repeat, to do again)
My teacher didn’t like my composition, so I did it over . يكرر , يعيد
47- to do without (to get along without)
In his business, he can’t do without a car . يستغني عن
48- to drop in on = (to visit informally)
Some old friends dropped in on us last night. يزور على غير انتظار
49- to drop out of = (to discontinue attendance of participation in a
school , a club , etc.)
Many students have dropped out of college due to their failure . يترك , لا يواصل
50- to dry out = (to become dry through a gradual loss of moisture)
We can use this wood; it is all dried out . يجف
51- to dry up = (to dry completely)
It rained very little and the streets soon dried up. يجف كليا
52- every now and then = (occasionally)
It rains every now and then in Havana. أحيانا
53- every so often =(sometimes, occasionally )
Every so often, I feel like going to the States . من وقت إلى آخر ، بين الفينة والفينة
54- to fall behind = (to lag , fail to keep up)
Philip fell behind in his studies and finally had to leave the institute . يتخلف
55- to fall in love with = (to began to love)
I think you are happy because you fell in love with her . يقع في الحب مع
56- to fall off = (to fall from something ; also , to decrease in volume).
He tell off his bicycle . يسقط من
57- to fall through =(to fail to materialize , collapse)
We wanted to go to Romania that summer but our plans fell through. يفشل , يخيب
58- to feel like = (to be inclined, have the desire to)
Does she feel like drinking coffee now ? يرغب , يحس برغبة
59- to feel sorry for = (to pity, feel compassion for)
I feel more sorry for his son than I do for him. يتأسف , يتألم
60- to figure out = (to calculate an amount or cost of something)
Have you figured out how much the trip will cost? يحسب مبلغ الصرف
61- to fill out = (to complete said of blanks , forms, etc. )
If you apply for a job , you have to fill out some applications . يملأ استمارة , يحشو

62- to find fault with = (to criticize)
It is easy to find fault with the work of others. انتقد , تهكم
63- to find out = (to discover, learn )
At first I thought all Australians were rich; but then I found out
that many were poor. اكتشف , وجد

64- fond of = (interested in, keen on)
I am fond of records. مولع بـ
65- fool around = (to play and joke , spend time foolishly with little result)
Stop fooling around and get to work. يضيع الوقت
66- for ever = (for good , permanently)
The tourist will leave his country for ever . إلى الأبد
67- for good = (for ever . permanently)
Why don’t you live in Sidney for good? دائما ، إلى الأبد
68- to get along = (to do , succeed ,make progress)
Are you getting along very well in studying French ? يتقدم
69- to get along with = (to live or work harmoniously with)
Is the boss getting along well with his employees? يعمل بانسجام مع
70- to go around = (to be sufficient for everyone)
Are there enough chairs to go around ? تكفي
71- to get away = (to escape)
The thief got away from the police yesterday . انصرف , ابتعد
72- to get back = (to return)
What time did you get back last night? يرجع , يعود
73- to get behind = (to fall behind)
He never studied; therefore, he got behind. يتخلف
74- to get better = (to become better)
Bill has been sick for the last month, but he is getting much better nowadays. يتحسن
75- to get down = (to go down , come down)
When will you get down ? ينزل , يهبط
76- to get even with = (to be revenged)
He will get even with his rival for his bad deed. ينتقم من
77- to get in = (to enter , arrive)
Will you please get in and shut the door ? يدخل
78- to get in touch with = (to communicate with )
I will get in touch with the dentist as soon as I get there. يكون على اتصال
79- to get off = (descend from , leave)
At which station are you going to get off the train? يغادر واسطة النقل
80- to get on = (to enter , board)
I get on the bus at the same station every day. يدخل السفينة أو القطار
81- to get over = (to recover from)
It took me a month to get over my sickness. يتماثل للشفاء
82- to get out = (to take out , to go out)
This box is too big to get out. يخرج
83- to get rid of = (to become free from)
It certainly took Mr. Brown a long time to get rid of those old books . يتخلص من
84- to get through = (to finish)
When will you get through with your work tonight ? ينهي
85- to get up = (to arise, wake up)
She always gets up at six o’clock. يستيقظ
86- to give birth to = (to bear)
Linda has just given birth to twins. تلد
87- to give in = (to surrender )
Completely surrounded by their troops, the enemy finally gave in . يستسلم
88- to give off = (to release, produce)
Water when boiled always gives off steam . ينتج
89- to give out = (to distribute, also , to become exhausted, terminate)
He stood at the door giving out programs . يوزع
90- to give someone a ring = (to telephone)
I’ll give you a ring as soon as I get to my office. يخابر بالتلفون
91- to give up = (to surrender, renounce)
Why don’t you give up working since you are very old ? يستسلم , يتوقف عن
92- to go down = (to set , sink , decrease in price )
I saw a boat going down the sea . يغطس , يخفض السعر
93- to go off = (to depart , explode)
The gun went off while the soldier was cleaning it . ينطلق ، ينفجر
94- to go on = (to continue, proceed)
Will you please go on reading loudly ? يستمر
95- to go out = (to stop burning)
When the firemen arrived , the fire had gone out. ينطفئ
96- to go with = (to match , harmonize – in color or design)
This coat doesn’t go with your trousers . ينسجم
97- good for nothing = (useless)
This stamp is good for nothing. عديم الفائدة
98- good for someone or something = (beneficial to)
Too much sun isn't good for you. يصلح لشخص ما أو لشيء ما
99- hand in = (to submit)
Every student has to hand in a composition each week . يسلم ، يقدم
100- to hang up = (to put on a hook - also to end telephone conversation)
He hung up his tie in the closet. يعلق , يضع
101- to have a good time = (to enjoy oneself , pass a period of time pleasantly )
Did you have a good time in Hong Kong ? يمضي وقتا ممتعا
102- to have got = (to have , to possess)
Have you got a match, please ? يملك , في حوزته
103- to have got to do something =(must , have to )
You’ve got to study hard in order to make good progress. يجب , ينبغي
104- to have time off = (to have free time , not to have to work)
He works only six days a week and has every Friday off. يعطل
105- have to do with = (to have some connection with)
I have nothing to do with Jill. He is very busy. له علاقة بـ
106- to hear from = (to know about)
Did you hear from Madonna lately ? يعلم عن
107- to hold off = (to delay)
He has promised to hold off legal action for another week . يؤجل
108- to hold on = (hold tightly to something, wait)
Hold on a minute. I want to speak to you. يمسك بإحكام بشيء ، ينتظر
109- to hold out = (to continue in supply , resist )
I will stay in Berlins as long as my money holds out . يعين ماليا ، يقاوم
110- to hold ever =(to extend , postpone)
Let’s hold over discussion of this problem until next meeting . يمدد ، يرجئ ، يؤجل
111- to hold up = (to rob at the point of a gun also , to delay )
That bank has been held up three times. سطى على ، أجل
112- in a hurry = (hurriedly, in rush)
Don’t rush , we are not in a hurry. في عجلة
113- interested in = (fond of, keen on)
Are you interested in Biology ? مولع في
114- in time = (within or sometime before an appointed time)
We usually go to class in time . قبل الوقت المعين
115- on time (exactly at an appointed time)
Why don’t you come to the office on time ? You are very late. في الوقت المعين
116- in vain = (useless, without result)
All the doctors’ efforts were in vain and the man soon passed away . عبثا
117- to keep an eye on (to watch , to guard)
The police kept an eye on that house while its owners were out. يراقب
118- to keep in mind = (to remember , not to forget)
Please keep in mind that we never hate you . لا ينسى
119- to keep in touch with = (to contact)
I still keep in touch with him but he is abroad. يكون على اتصال بـ
120- to keep off = (not to enter or step on)
Please keep off grass. يتجنب
121- to keep on = (to continue)
I’d rather you keep on studying . يستمر
122- to keep out = (to prevent from entering )
There was a sign just outside the door which said “Danger! Keep out.” يبقى خارجا
123- to keep track of (to keep or maintain a record of )
We are going to keep track of all our expenses while we are in Singapore . يحافظ على المعدل أو المستوى
124- to keep up with = (to maintain a standard of speed )
If we can keep up with this speed , we should arrive there in
about two days . يبقي على ، يحافظ على
125- to knock out = (to render unconscious by a strong blow)
Sam knocked out his opponent with one punch. يفقد الصواب
126- to know by sight = (to recognize as a result of having seen some
one previously)
I have never met Mr. Black. I just know him by sight . يعرف بالوجه فقط
127- to lay off = (to dismiss temporarily)
During this season of the year, they often lay off many workers
at that plant . يستغني عن مؤقتا

128- to leave out = (to omit)
Why did you leave out the second question on your examination ? يحذف
129- to let alone = (not to mention)
He doesn’t even speak his own language well let alone French . ناهيك عن
130- to let up = (to slacken , lessen in intensity)
It has rained for three days without letting up . بلا توقف
131- to lie down = (to recline , take a lying position)
I am going to lie down for a while. يضطجع
132- little by little = (gradually , slowly)
If you study regularly each day, little by little, your English
vocabulary will increase . بالتدريج
133- to live up to = (to reach or maintain a certain high standard)
John never lives up to the promise he makes. يحافظ على
134- to look after = (to take care of)
Who looks after the office while you are away? يعتني بـ
135- to look at (to direct the eyes toward, watch)
I was looking at him when he was laughing. ينظر إلى
136- to look down on ((upon)) = (despise, scorn )
She looked down on that silly fellow. يحتقر , يزدري
137- to kook forward = (to expect with pleasure or anticipation)
I will look forward to hearing from you . يتلهف إلى , يتوقع
138- to look into (to investigate , examine carefully)
The judge looked into that matter thoroughly. يدقق الأمر يفحص بعمق
139- to look out = (to be careful)
Look out! You were about to hit him ! انتبه
140- to look over = (to review , examine again)
Please, look over your papers before handing them to the office . يراجع
141- to look up a word = (to search for it , especially in a dictionary)
If you don’t know the meaning of any word , look it up a
dictionary . يستخرج معنى كلمة خاصة بالقاموس
142- to look up to = (to admire, respect highly )
When she first saw him, she looked him up . يعجب بـ
143- to make believe =(to pretend)
Bill made believe that he was sick so that he would not have to
go to college. يتظاهر
144- to make clear = (to explain, clarify)
The teacher made clear my mistake. يوضح
145- to make friends = (to win or gain friends)
Are you very good in making friends ? يضايق
146- to make fun of = (to laugh at , cause others to laugh at , joke)
Never try to make fun of others . يستهزئ بـ
147- to make no difference = (to be equal importance)
Does it make any difference to you if I drive your car? لا يؤثر على
148- to make over = (to alter and make like new , -- said particularly of
clothes .)
I want to have this old dress made over. يغير ، يحور
149- to make out = (to do , succeed)
How do you make out in History ? يعمل
150- to make room for = (to create space for , accommodate)
We can easily make room for one more at this table. يوفر حيزا لـ ، يؤوي
151- to make sense = (to be sensible, reasonable)
What you say does not make sense to me . ذو معنى , منطقي
152- to make sure = (to be sure, become sure)
The inspector suddenly appeared to make sure that we were present . يتأكد من
153- to make one’s mind = (to decide)
Before going to any college, make up your mind what to study . يقرر
154- to mix up = (to confuse)
In stead of helping me, his explanation only mixed me up . يحير ، يجعل شخصا ما يتخبط بـ
155- never mind = (do not mind , do not pay attention to)
Never mind. I’ll clean the carpet . لا يهم
156- no matter = (regardless)
No matter how much you study, they consider you lazy. بغض النظر عن
157- off and up = (irregularly)
He comes here off and up to see my father. بغير انتظام
158- once and for all = (in a final manner , definitively)
I told him once and for all I wouldn’t go to cinema . بشكل حاسم
159- on purpose = (purposely , intentionally)
Did you do that accident on purpose ? عمدا , عن غرض
160- on the whole = (in general)
On the whole, I liked Negara Falls very much. على العموم
161- out of order = (not in working condition )
This telephone is out of order . عاطل
162- over and over = (repeatedly)
In order to get good English, you have to write compositions
over and over . باستمرار , مرارا وتكرارا
163- pay attention to = (to give attention to, place importance upon)
While the speaker was speaking, every one was paying attention
to him. ينتبه إلى
164- pay no attention = (to take no interest in)
All of us paid no attention to him . لا ينتبه إلى
165- to pick out = (to select, choose)
We finally picked out white color to paint our house . يختار ، ينتخب
166- to pick up = (to collect)
Can you please pick up my pencil? يلتقط
167- to play tricks on = (to make someone the victim of a trick or joke)
I told him not to play tricks on anybody, but he never listened . يستهزئ بـ

168- to put an end to = (to cause to and , terminate in a definite
manner)
You must put an end to that kind of gossip . ينهي
169- to put aside = (to store , set aside)
She told her child to put his toys aside. يحفظ يخبئ
170- to put down =(to suppress)
The troops easily put down the rebellion . يقمع ، يكبح
171- to put off = (to postpone, delay)
The meeting was put off until next week . يؤجل يرجئ
172- to put on = (to wear , to place oneself –said particularly of clothes .)
It is too hot : so don’t put on your coat . يلبس
173- to put out = (to stop burning, extinguish )
Will you please put out the light ? يطفئ

174- to put together = (to assemble)
Did you put these books together ? يجمع
175- to put up = (to raise , construct, erect)
They are tearing down that old building in order to put up a new one . يبني ، يشيد ، ينصب
176- to put up with = (to bear, tolerate)
I refuse to put up with his actions any longer. يصبر ، يحتمل
177- quite a few =(many)
Quite a few of us will go to university next year. كثير ، معظم
178- right away = (immediately , very soon)
You have to leave right away . حالا في الحال
179- right here = (exactly here)
Put this glass right here . تماما هنا
180- run a risk = (go into danger)
You are running a risk . Stop going farther. يخاطر
181- to run away = (escape)
Did the thief run away from the police ? يهرب ، يفر ،
182- to run into = (to meet by chance)
I ran into Joseph while I was going to the airport. يقابل بالصدفة
183- to run into debt = (to go into debt)
I really don’t like to run into debt. يخوض بالدين
184- to run off with = (to run away with)
The thief did not run off with a gun . يهرب بـ
185- to run out of = (to finish one’s supply)
He runs out of money . بلا
186- to run over = (to go over)
The bus ran over his child early today. يدهس
187- to run = (manage , direct)
Mr. Robinson ran the Swiss Air Office in Rome in 2013 . يدير
188- to save up = (to put aside money)
You had better save up . يودع ، يدخر
189- to see someone off = (to go to train or a boat in order to say good
bye to someone)
I am going to the airport to see my father off. يودع

190- to shake hands = (to exchange greetings with a clasp of)
We usually shake hands in Iraq. يصافح
191- to show up = (to appear)
What happened to Carl ? He hasn’t show up yet ! يبيع كليا يحضر
192- to sell out = (to sell completely)
There was a sign in the ticket-office saying: “All sold out” . يبيع بالكامل
193- to set in = (to begin)
It is time for us to go to the beach, because hot weather has set in . يبدأ
194- to set forth = (to leave)
We all set forth on our journey in the highest spirits. ينطلق ، يشرع ، يبدأ
195- to set fire to = (to cause to burn)
No one knows who set fire to the building ! يضرم النار ، يحرق
196- to set out = (to begin , leave)
They set out at dawn in accordance with their commander’s orders. يشرع ، يغادر
197- to show off = (to display to excess one’s ability or possessions)
John swims well but I don’t like the way he always shows off in
front of every one . يعرض ، يستعرض ،
يتباهى
198- to shut up = (to close, to be quite , stop talking)
The teacher said to the kids , "Shut up” . يغلق ، يسكت
199- so far = (up to the present time)
So far, there is no news from Elizabeth. للان ، لغاية الآن
200- something the matter = (something wrong)
What happened? Something the matter with you. هل ثمة شيء
201- to stay in = (to remain in)
I said to my guest to stay in, but he didn’t listen. يمكث ، يبقى
202- to stand up for = (to insist upon , to defend , to support )
If you don’t stand up for your rights, no one will do it for you . يصر على، يدافع عن
203- to stand out = (to be prominent , outstanding)
Her bright red hair made her stand out from the others . تتميز
204- to stand to reason = (to be clear and logical)
It stands to reason that a person without experience can not do
the work as well as an experienced person . من البديهي
205- to stick someone = (to cheat someone).
He will stick you at the first opportunity if you don’t prevent
him soon . يلازم ، يغش ، يخدع
206- to stick to = (to adhere to , persevere , be constant )
If you stick to it long enough, you can find the answer to that problem . يلتصق ، يثبت
207- to be stuck = (to be cheated)
If you paid three dollars for that, you are certainly stuck . يخدع
208- to take advantage of = (to use an opportunity. Also to impose
upon or to profit at the expense of another person)
I took advantage of the special sale and bought a half dozen new
shirts . ينتهز ، يغتنم
209- to take after = (to resemble a parent or close relative)
Which of your parents do you take after ? يشابه ، يماثل
210- to take a look at = (to look at)
Come and take a look at this pretty car . ينظر إلى
211- to take part = (to participate)
Are going to take part in this meeting ? يشترك في
212- to take apart = (to separate the different parts of an object)
It is too easy to take a watch apart than to put it together . يفك
213- to take care of = (to watch , give attention)
Who is going to take care of your children while you are abroad? يعتني بـ
214- to take down = (to remove, also , to write in shorthand)
I want to take down all the pictures and clean them . يبعد ، يدون ، يختزل
215- to take for granted = (to accept as true , without investigation)
I took what he told me about her for granted. يقبل بلا تمحيص
216- to take hold of = (to grasp)
The blind man took hold of my arm and I led him across the street . يمسك
217- to take into consideration = (to take into account)
He never takes into consideration the fact that we are very good
students . يأخذ بنظر الاعتبار
218- to take off = (to leave the ground , said of airplanes; also to
remove – said of clothes)
What time will the jet plane take off for Moscow ? يقلع للطائرة ، يخلع الملابس
219- to take out = (to remove , extract)
The pickpocket suddenly took out the knife and attacked the policeman . يقلع , ينشل , يخرج
220- to take over = (to assume direction or control of)
After the first of the month, James will take over Mr. Smith’s duties . يضطلع بـ
221- to take place = (to happen , occur)
Where did the accident take place? يحدث
222- to take turns = (to alternate)
During the trip, Jill and I took turns driving the car . يتناوب
223- to talk over = (to discuss, consider)
With whom did you talk over your plan to buy that car ? يشرح ، يتناول بالمناقشة
224- to tear down = (to demolish)
They tore down that old building and built a new one . يهدم كل البناء ، يهد , يهدم

225- to tear up = (to tear completely into small pieces, to cancel)
She tore up the letter and threw it into the fireplace. يمزق إربا إربا ، يلغي
226- to tell time = (to be able to know the hour by looking at a watch
or clock)
He is too young to tell time . يعرف الوقت
227- to take up = (to study , begin a course leading to a career)
What is your brother taking up at the University of Cambridge ? يدرس ، يبدأ مقررا دراسيا يؤدي إلى مهنة
228- to think up = (to invent , discover, find)
I wish I could think up a good excuse to give the teacher for not having
prepared my homework. يخترع ، يكتشف ، يجد
229- to throw away = (to discard )
I have some old books ; I want to throw them away . يرمي , يرمي
230- to throw out = (to dismiss , eject by force)
The case was thrown out of court because of insufficient
evidence. يصرف النظر عن ، يطرد بقوة
231- to throw up = (to vomit)
When I got seasick, I threw up my food . يتقيأ

232- to try out = (to test, to use during a trial period )
Can I try out this car? يجرب السيارة (ميكانيكيا )
233- to try on = (to test, to use during a trial period-said only of clothes)
Can I try on this coat ? يجرب الملابس

234- to turn down = (to reduce in speed or volume , also to reject)
Please turn down the radio; it is too loud. يخفض جهارة الصوت، يرفض
235- to turn out = (to result)
Frank has turned out to be the best student in our criticism class. أضحى ، أصبح
236- up-to date = (modern , brought up to the present time)
Is your dictionary up–to–date ? حديث , عصري
237- used to = (to indicate an action which continued for some
period of time in the past)
I used to smoke when I was at college. اعتاد
238- to be used to = (to be accustomed to)
I am used to reading Spanish magazines. متعود على
239- to get used to = (to become used to)
He got used to driving fast. يتعود
240- to wait for = (to expect, await)
I waited for Jean for a long time, but she did not show up. ينتظر طويلا
241- to wait on = (to serve , attend to)
Who waited on you at that restaurant ? يخدم ، يعنى بـ
242- to wake up = (to awaken)
When did the baby wake up ? يستيقظ
243- to watch out for = (to look at for, guard against)
One thief went inside while the other waited outside and
watched out for the police . يحترس من

244- to wait up for = (to wait until very late without going to bed
at the usual time)
Do not wait up for me tonight. I may be very late . يسهر
245- to waste one’s breath = (to lose time talking in an effort to
convince someone of something)
Don’t argue with him any longer. You are only wasting
your breath . يجهد نفسه بالكلام

246- to wear down = (to reduce gradually through the process of
wear)
The heels of your shoes are worn down. يتناقص بالتدريج

247- to wear off = (to disappear gradually)
My headache is not serious. It will wear off after an hour or
so . يتلاشى بالتدريج
248- to work out = (to develop, devise, turn out)
We must work out some plan to increase production. يطور , ينتج

  • ملف العضو
  • معلومات
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
  • تاريخ التسجيل : 18-05-2016
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  • المشاركات : 1,117
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قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء السادس
03-07-2016, 01:37 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية
تأليف وترجمة واقتباس عن الانترنيت: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق

الجزء السادس Part Six

اصطلاحات، مرادفات وأمثلة
idioms, synonyms and examples

1. Break away = escape يهرب
Example : The victim broke away from the gang yesterday.
2. Break down = fail to act يتعطل
Example : His car broke down when he was returning home.
3. Break into = enter by force يقتحم
Example : Three thieves broke into the bank to rob it.
4. Break off = put an end to يفسخ , يضع نهاية لـ
Example : They broke off their engagement .
5. Break out = suddenly begin يندلع
Example : A fire broke out in the store yesterday .
6. Break up = end يتعطل
Example : When does your school usually break up?
7. Bring about = cause to happen يسبب
Example : Hard work brings about success .
8. Bring up = look after during childhood يُربي
Example : My parents brought me up strictly.
9. Call at = make a short visit يُمر بـ
Example : Call at the butcher's and get some meat .
10. Call for = Demand يستدعي , يتطلب
Example : The director called for a meeting after the scandal broke.
11. Call in = ask to come = summon يطلب
Example : We had to call in a plumber because the sink was leaking and
I had no idea how to fix it.
12. Call off = stop ينهي , يوقف
Example : Call off your lawyers; we can work something out .
13. Call on = visit يزور
Example : As we were in the area, we called on my sister-in-law.
14. Call out = shout ينادي
Example : The teacher called out the names of the pupils.
15. Call up = ring up = telephone = phone يخابر
Example : I called him up as soon as I arrived home.
16. Carry away = sweep a way يجرف
Example : The flood has carried away the wooden bridge .
17. Carry on = continue يستمر
Example : Carry on quietly with your work until the substitute teacher arrives.
18. Carry out = fulfill = perform ينفذ , ينجز
Example : The government is carrying out tests on growing genetically modified crops.
I got to a phone to tell him the news.
19. Come about = happen يحدث
Example : The meeting came about because both sides were sick of fighting.
20. Come across = Find by accident = Find by chance يلاقي صدفة , يجد بالصدفة
Example : I came across my old school reports when I was clearing out my desk.
21. Come apart = Break into pieces مكسورة الى أجزاء
Example : It came apart when I tried to lift it off the floor and I had to glue it back.
22. Come around = Recover consciousness يستعيد الوعي ً
Example : It took several hours after the operation before he came around.
23. Come before = Appear in court charged with a crime or offenceيمثل أمام القضاء
Example : He came before the court on charges of speeding.
24. Come by = Visit يزور
Example : I'll come by after work and see if you need any help.
25. Come down = Rain .تمطرExample : Just look at the rain coming down! I'm not going
out in that.
26. Come from = Country or town where you were born بلد الولادة أو المواطنة
Example : She comes from Somalia.
27. Come in = Arrive for flights حطت على أرض المطار
Example : The plane came in at two-thirty in the morning.
28. Come back = return يرجع أو يعود
Example : When did you come back home last night?
29. Come into = Inherit يرث
Example : She came into a lot of money when her grandmother died.
30. Come into use = Start being used يدخل في الاستعمال
Example : The computerised system came into use at the end of last year.
31.Come on = Encouragement تعبير يفيد التشجيع
Example : Come on; don't give up now when you're so close to finishing.
32.Come up = Appear يستجد
Example : I'll be late home tonight because something's come up at work has to be
ready for tomorrow morning.
33.Get = have = posses = own يملك
Example : He has got a large farm .
34.Get about = Visit many places يزور أماكن كثيرة
Example : I get about a lot with my job - last years I visited eleven countries.
35.Get across = Communicate successfully يتواصل بنجاح
Example : I just couldn't get my message across at the meeting.
36.Get at = find out = discover يكتشف
Example : How can we get at the truth?
37.Get away = escape يهرب
Example : One of the prisoners got away .
38.Get on = get onto = enter means of transport يركب واسطة نقل
Example : We got on the train at Plymouth and went up to London.
39.Get down = descend يترجل , ينزل
Example : He got down from the horse .
40.Get out = Leave a place يخرج
Example : The dog got out because I left the door open.
41.Get up = Get out of bed ينهض من الفراش
Example : I get up at seven o'clock on weekdays, but lie in till noon at the weekend.
42.Give away = present يقدم
Example : The minister gave away the prize to the winners .
43.Give back = return يرجع أو يعيد
Example : Could you give me back my dictionary ?
44.Give in = surrender = yield = accept defeat يستسلم
Example : They gave in when the police surrounded the building.
45.Give up = Stop doing something يتخلى عن , يترك
Example : I have given up trying to help them.
46.Give away = present يقدم
Example : The minister gave away the prize to the winners .
47.Give back = return يرجع أو يعيد
Example : Could you give me back my dictionary ?
48.Give in = surrender = yield = accept defeat يستسلم
Example : They gave in when the police surrounded the building.
49.Give up = Stop doing something يتخلى عن , يترك
Example : I have given up trying to help them.
50.Ask after = Enquire about someone's health, how life is going استفسر حول صحةِ شخص ما
Example : Jenny rang earlier and asked after you, so I told her you were fine.
51.Ask around = Ask a number of people for information of help يسأل بغرض المساعدة
Example : I have no idea, but I'll ask around at work and see if anyone can help.
52.Ask for = To provoke a negative reaction يبحث عن مشاكل
Example : You're asking for trouble.
53.Ask in = To invite somebody into your house يدعو الى بيته
Example : John's at the door. Ask him in.
54.Go back = return يرجع أو يعود
Example : He went back home at noon time .
55.Go down = Sunset يغرب , وقت الغروب
Example :The sun went down at seven o'clock.
56.Go away = Leave a place or disappear يترك المكان أو يختفي
Example : This drug should make the pain go away.
57.Go into = Discuss in some detail يناقش بعض التفاصيل
Example : They refused to go into exactly what was wrong.
58.Go off = Explode (bomb), start ringing (alarm) ينطلق ، ينفجر
Example : The fire alarm went off because someone was smoking in the toilets.
59.Go on = Continue يستمر
Example : He went on and on talking and I was so bored.
60.Go over = Look at something, revise يراجع أو يتفحص شيئاً ما
Example : We went over our notes before the exam.
61.Go with = Combine nicely = match ينسجم مع
Example : Does this tie go with my shirt?
62.Ask over = Invite يدعو
Example : They have asked us over for drinks on Friday.
63.Ask round = Invite someone يدعو
Example : We asked John round for diner.
64.Go back = return يرجع أو يعود
Example : He went back home at noon time.

64.Go down = Sunset يغرب , وقت الغروب
Example : The sun went down at seven o'clock.
65.Go away = Leave a place or disappear يترك المكان أو يختفي
Example : This drug should make the pain go away.
66.Go into = Discuss in some detail يناقش بعض التفاصيل
Example : They refused to go into exactly what was wrong.
67.Go off = Explode (bomb), start ringing (alarm) ينفجر
Example : The fire alarm went off because someone was smoking in the toilets.
68.Go on = Continue يستمر
Example : He went on and on talking and I was so bored.
69.Go over = Look at something, revise يراجع أو يتفحص شيئاً ما
Example : We went over our notes before the exam.
70.Go with = Combine nicely = match ينسجم مع
Example : Does this tie go with my shirt?
71.Keep around = Keep something near you يبقي الشيء الى جانبه
Example : I keep a dictionary around when I'm doing my homework.
72.Keep at = Continue with something difficult الاستمرار رغم الصعوبة
Example : She found the course hard but she kept at it and completed it successfully.
73.Keep away = Don't allow someone near something أحفظه بعيداً عن متناول
Example : Medicines should always be kept away from children.
74.Keep back = Maintain a safe distance ابق على مسافة آمنه
Example : The police told the crowd to keep back from the fire.
75.Keep down = Not vomit لا يَتقيّأَ
Meaning : Example : The food was so horrible that I struggled to keep it down.
76.Keep from = Control yourself, refrain سيطر على نفسه , امتنع
Example : I couldn't keep from arguing with her.
77.Keep in = Not allow someone out لا يسمح له بالمغادرة
Example : The teacher KEPT the students IN after school because they had
misbehaved.
78.Keep off = Not talk about لا يَتحدّثَ عنه
Example : She kept off the subject of her divorce.
79.Keep on = Continue يستمر Example : He kept on trying and succeeded in the end.
80.Keep out = Not allow someone to enter لا يسمح له بالدخول
Example : The police KEPT the demonstrators OUT of the building.
81.Keep up = Not let someone go to bed لا يدع الشخص ينام أي بمعنى يزعجه
Example : My neighbours kept me up till after 4 am with their loud music last night.
82.Keep an eye on = watch يراقب
Example : Please keep an eye on the child .
83.Lay down = Kill, murder يقتل
Example : He got laid down in a turf عصاباتwar حرب about supplying توريد drugs المخدرات .
84.Lay into = Criticise angrily انتقد بغضب
Example : His partner laid into him when he arrived two hours late.
85.Lay off = Make an employee redundant يجعلْ المستخدمَ عاطلا بلا عمل َ
Example : The hotel laid off twenty staff because tourist numbers were down.
86.Lay on = Organise, supply ينظم أو يجهز
Example : They laid on a buffet lunch at the conference.
87.Lay out = Spend money يصرف , ينفق
Example : They laid out thousands of pounds on their wedding reception
88.Lock away = Lock in a safe place يحفظ في مكان امن أو بعيد عن متناول اليد
Example : He locked the gun away in a drawer.
89.Lock down = Make very secure يجعل الشيء آمنا جدا
Example : If you lock down your computer properly, it is very difficult for people to access it.
90.Lock in = Lock a place to stop someone leaving يحبس شخصاً ما
Example : They locked him in a room until he had calmed down.
91.Lock onto = Find a target and head for it يجد الهدف ويتوجه إليه
Example : The missile locked onto the plane and blew it out of the sky.
92.Lock out = Close a workplace to stop workers entering يغلق موقع العمل لمنع العمال من الدخول
Example : The management locked the staff out because they had turned down the pay offer.
93.Lock up = Close all doors, windows, etc. يغلق الأبواب والشبابيك
Example : She locked up after everyone had left and went home.
94.Lock yourself away = Go somewhere away from people to study or work. اقفل على نفسه
Example : I locked myself away for a few weeks before exams. لغرض الدراسة أو العمل 95.Look after = Take care يعتني بـ
Example : Their auntie عمة أو جارة قريبة looked after them while their mother was in hospital.
96.Look back = Think about the past يفكر في الماضي
Example : Old people often look back on over their lives.
97.Look down on = Have a low opinion of ينظر بازدراء أو تكبر الى
Example : He looks down on his colleagues because he thinks he's better than they are.
98.Look for = Try to find يبحث عن
Example : I've been looking for all their hidden files, but I can't find them anywhere.
99.Look forward to = Wait for or anticipate something pleasant = expect with pleasure .يتطلع الى
Example : I'm looking forward to meeting you.
100.Look in = Make a quick visit يمر بـ أو يزور بسرعة
Example : I'll look in on my way home.
101.Look into = Research, investigate يبحث أو يحقق فيه
Example : We'll look into the problem and come back to you when we have the information.
102.Look on = Watch something like a crime without helping يتفرج بدون أن يحرك ساكناً
Example : The crowd just looked on as the old lady was mugged.
103.Look out = Be careful كن حذراً
Example : Look out; you're going to drop that!
104.Look round = Inspect a house يتفحص المنزل
Example : We looked round the house and decided that we didn't like it enough to buy it.
105.Look to = Expect, hope يأمل أو يتوقع
Example : The company is LOOKING TO increase its sales in Asia.
106.Look up = Improve يتحسن
Example : The economy is looking up.
107.Look up to = Respect يحترم Example : She looks up to her mother.
108.Look upon as = Consider = regard يعتبر
Example : I look up him as a close friend.
109.Look up a word = search for it in a dictionary يبحث عن كلمة في القاموس
Example : I don't know the meaning of this word ; I shall look it up
110.Look in on = Visit briefly to see if everything's all right يزور بقصد الاطمئنان على
Example : I'm going to look in on granny on the way home tonight as she's been a bit unwell recently.

111.Make do with = Accept something less satisfactory because there's no alternative.
Example : There's no coffee, so we'll have to make do with tea. قبل بشيء لعدم وجود بديل
112.Make for = go towards = Head in a certain direction يتجه نحو
Example : We made for home when it started raining.
113.Make into = Change something into something else يبدل شيئا بشيء آخر
Example : Many churches have been made into flats in recent years.
114.Make it = Arrive or get a result يصل أو يحصل على نتيجة
Example : I thought you weren't coming, so I was really pleased you made it.
115.Make it up to = Try to compensate for doing something wrong التعويض عن عمل شيء خاطئ
Example : He tried to make it up to her, but she wouldn't speak to him.
116.Make off with = Steal يسرق
Example : Thieves made of with over a million dollars in the robbery.
117.Make out = Make a cheque payable to somebody يدفع لأمر
Example : Please make the cheque out to RGM Productions Ltd.
118.Makeover = Change appearance يغير مظهر
Example : The beauty salon gave her a makeover before the party.
119.Make up = Put on cosmetics تضع مساحيق التجميل
Example : She went to the bathroom to make her face up.
120.Make with = Give (usually used as an imperative) يعطي
Example : Make with the money you owe me.
121.Make fun of = laugh at يضحك على الناس
Example : It is bad to make fun of other people.
122.Pass around = Give out to everybody there يوزع
Example : The teacher passed the handout الملزمة around.
123.Pass as = Be believed to be something يعتقد أن يكون
Example : Although not qualified, he managed to pass as a doctor for years.
124.Pass by = Go past without stopping يمر بالصدفة آو مارا فحسب
Example : I was just passing by when I saw the accident.
125.Pass by = Visit briefly يقوم بزيارة سريعة
Example : I was passing by her house the other day when I heard about it.
126.Pass by = Miss an opportunity يضيع الفرصة
Example : The chance for promotion passed me by.
127.Pass for = Be accepted as something, usually when not يقبل شيئا لم يقبله من قبل
Example : You'd be surprised at what passed for good cooking .
128.Pass off = Convince something that something is real يقتنع بان هذا الشيء حقيقي
Example : I managed to pass off the fake money in the market.
129.Pass off = Happen in a certain way تمر أي بمعني تعبر
Example : The demonstration passed off peacefully.
130.Pass on = Give a message to someone يوصل أو يعطي
Example : I'll pass the message on when she gets here.
131.Pass on = Die يموت
Example : Her husband passed on last year.
132.Pass out = Faint, lose consciousness يفقد الوعي
Example : He got so drunk that he passed out.
133.Pass over = Ignore someone and give a job, reward, etc, to someone more junior يكافئ
Example : They passed him over and made his assistant the new director.

134.Pass through = Visit a place without stopping or only stopping briefly.
يزور مكانا بدون أن يتوقف أو يتوقف لفترة قصيرة يمر مرور الكرام
Example : I didn't see much as I was only passing through the town.
135.Pass to = Give ownership or responsibility to someone يؤل إلى , تنتقل الملكية أو المسؤولية لشخص ما
Example : The shares passed through his daughter when he died.
136.Pass around = Give out to everybody there يوزع
Example : The teacher passed the handout around.
137.Put across = Communicate, convey a message يُوصل أو يعبر عن ما يريد قوله
Example : He found it difficult to put across what he wanted to say at the meeting.
138.Put back = Put something back in the correct place يعيد شيئاً ما الى المكان الصحيح
Example : He put the dictionary back on the shelf after he'd finished the crossword.
139.Put away = Put someone in prison يسجن , يضع شخصاً ما في السجن
Example : The judge put him away for ten years for robbery.
140.Put back = Rearrange something for a later time يعيد تنظيم شيء ما لوقت لاحق
Example : The meeting has been put back until July the seventeenth.
141.Put by = Save for the future يدخر للمستقبل
Example : I try to put some money by every month towards our summer holiday.
142.Put down = Kill an animal because it's old, ill, etc. يقتل حيوانا لكبر سنه أو مرضه
Example : He had his dog put down because it was in a lot of pain from its tumours.
143.Put in = Install ينصب
Meaning : Example : They had to put in a whole new central heating system because
the house was so cold.
144.Put in for = Make a request قدّمْ طلباً
Example : He put in for a transfer to the new branch.
145.Put off = Postpone يؤجل
Example : The concert's been put off until next month because the singer's got a
throat infection.
146.Put on = Start wearing يرتدي ، يلبس
Example : I put my coat on before we went out.
147.Put on = Deceive, lie يكذب , يخدع
Example : I am not putting you on.
148.Put out = Broadcast يُذيع
Example : Several charities put out an appeal on TV for money for the victims of the
flooding in Mozambique.
149.Put out = Extinguish a cigarette, fire, etc. يطفئ سيجاره أو نار ... الخ
Example : He put out his cigarette before entering the building.
150.Put through = Connect someone by phone يتصل بشخص ما هاتفياً
Example : Could you put me through to extension 259 please.
151.Put towards = Make a financial contribution يقدم مساهمة مالية
Example : She put $250 towards the cost of the repairs and we had to pay the rest.
152.Put up = Allow someone to stay at your house for a night or a few days يستضيف
Example : She put me up for the night because I'd missed the last bus and there were
no night buses running.
153.Put up = Increase prices, taxes, duties, etc. يزيد الأسعار أو الضرائب
Example : The government has put tuition fees for undergraduate students up again.







  • ملف العضو
  • معلومات
الصورة الرمزية نسرينات الامل
نسرينات الامل
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    20

  • نسرينات الامل has a spectacular aura aboutنسرينات الامل has a spectacular aura about
الصورة الرمزية نسرينات الامل
نسرينات الامل
مشرفة المنتديات التعليمية
رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء الثالث
03-07-2016, 01:39 PM
شكرا اخي بوركت و بورك مجهودك
شيء من العدم و كثير من السواد
-نسرين-

  • ملف العضو
  • معلومات
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
  • تاريخ التسجيل : 18-05-2016
  • الدولة : العراق
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  • معدل تقييم المستوى :

    9

  • قحطان الخطيب is on a distinguished road
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء السابع
03-07-2016, 01:44 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء السابع
تأليف وترجمة بتصرف عن الانترنيت: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق

96 مصطلحا الأكثر استعمالا في اللغة الإنكليزية

96 Most Frequent Idioms Used in English Language
Excerpted from the Internet


1) about to (do something) على وشك القيام بشيء ما
- to be on the point of doing something
I was about to leave when the phone rang.

2) according to (someone or something) طبقا لشيء ما أو شخص ما
- as said or told by someone, in agreement with something, in the order
of something, in proportion to something
According to our teacher, there will be no class next week.
We did everything according to the terms of our agreement.

3) account for (something)يوفر شرحا أو يجيب عن شيء ما
- to provide an explanation or answer for something
The bad weather accounts for the fact that few people came to the meeting.

4) after all على كل حال
- considering the fact that something happened, something that is usually assumed
"You don't need to phone him. After all, he never phones you."

5) all of a suddenفجأة
- suddenly, without advance warning
All of a sudden it became cloudy and began to rain.

6) as a matter of fact في الواقع
- actually
"As a matter of fact, we have been to the history museum many times."

6) as far as بقدر ما
- to the extent or degree of something
As far as I know the movie will start in a few minutes.

7) as for بالنسبة إلى
- with regard to, concerning
"As for me, I think that I will return home now."

8) as if كما لو
- in the same way that something would be, that
The drink tastes as if it were made with orange juice.
It seemed as if the whole town came to the concert.


9) as long as طالما
- provided that, on condition that
"As long as you promise to be careful you can borrow my car."

10) as soon as حالما ، عندما
- just after something, when
I phoned my friend as soon as I finished dinner.

11) as to بخصوص ، بالنسبة إلى ، بحسب
- with regard to, according to
"As to your question, I will answer it tomorrow."
The players were put into groups as to their ability.

12) as well أيضا
- in addition, also, too
I plan to take a computer course this summer as well.

13) as well as بالإضافة إلى
- in addition to
"Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel."

12) back and forth = to and fro من جهة إلى أخرى
- backwards and forwards, first one way and then the other way
The argument went back and forth before the judge made a decision.

13) better off يتحسن ماليا
- to be in a better situation than before
My friend would be better off if he sold his old car and bought a new one.

14) break down (something)يفكك ، يتحلل ، يحلل
- to divide something into parts, to separate something into simpler substances
We tried to break down the problem for further study.
The sugar began to break down soon after it was swallowed.

15) break up يوزع ، يفصل
- to separate, to divide into groups or pieces, to put an end to something
Nobody wanted to break up their groups.
We usually break up into small groups during our class.

16) by the way بالمناسبة ، على فكرة
- incidentally
"By the way, could you please bring your laptop computer tomorrow."

17) carry out (something) ينفذ
- to put something into action, to accomplish something, to do something
The scientist wanted to carry out several experiments in the laboeatory.
18) come on! هيا
- please, hurry, go faster
"Come on, I only have a few minutes before I must go."
"Come on, stop doing that."

19) come up يستجد
- to happen unexpectedly
I will not be able to go to the party if something else comes up.

19) come up with (something) يكون
- to produce or find a thought/idea/answer
I tried to come up with a name for the new magazine.

20) deal with (something) يتناول
- to be concerned with something, to take action about something
We will deal with the boxes tomorrow.

21) end up (doing something or going somewhere) يفرغ من
- to do something that one had not planned to do, to go somewhere one
had not planned to go
We ended up going to a restaurant after the movie last night.

22) figure out (someone or something) يفهم
- to try to understand someone or something, to solve something
I finally figured out how to use the new DVD player.

23) fill in (something) يملأ الفراغ
- to write words in blank spaces
"Please fill in this form and give it to the receptionist."

24) find out (something) يتعلم أو يكتشف شيئا ما
- to learn or discover something
My mother is angry at me because she found out that I had quit my
French class.

25) first of all أولا وقبل كل شيء
- the very first thing
First of all we prepared the garden and then we planted the seeds.

26) for good مدى الحياة
- permanently
The city will close the public swimming pool for good next week.

27) for sure مما لا شك فيه
- without doubt, certainly, surely
"I will go to the movie with you for sure next week."

28) get back to (something) يعود إلى شيء ما
- to return to something
I was happy to get back to my work after my holiday.

29) get into (something)يدخل في حوار مع
- to become interested or involved in something
We will get into the details of the plan with our partners tomorrow.

30) get into (somewhere) يدخل مكان
- to enter somewhere
My friend wants to get into a good university.
I bumped my head as I was getting into the car.

31) get out of (somewhere) يخرج من مكان
- to leave somewhere, to escape from somewhere
I want to hurry and get out of my house.

32) get rid of (something) يتخلص من شيء ما
- to give or throw something away, to sell or destroy something, to make
a cold or fever disappear
I bought a new television set so I want to get rid of the old one.

33) get through (something) ينهي
- to complete something, to finish something
My friend is having trouble getting through her final exams.
I have much reading that I must get through before tomorrow.

34) go ahead لننطلق ، لنبدأ
- to begin to do something
"Let's go ahead and start now. We can't wait any longer."

25 ) go on يستمر
- to continue = keep on
The game will probably go on for an hour after we leave.

36) go over (something) يراجع
- to examine or review something
The accountant will go over the books tomorrow.
We plan to go over that question tomorrow.

37) go through (something) يتفحص ، يتمعن
- to discuss something, to look at something, to do something
The teacher decided to go through the exercise before the test.

38) go with (something)يختار
- to choose one thing rather than another
We decided to go with the small rental car rather than the large one.
39) hang out (somewhere/with someone) يهيم
- to spend one's time with no great purpose, to spend leisure time with friends
Recently my friend has been hanging out with a group of people who are
not a good influence on him.

40) have (something) to do with (something) ذو علاقة
- to be about something, to be on the subject of something, to be related to something
"The book has something to do with cooking but I am not sure if you will like it."
That problem has nothing to do with me.

41) hold on ينتظر برهة
- to wait a minute, to stop, to wait and not hang up the phone
"Please hold on for a minute while I lock the window."

42) in a way إلى حد ما
- to a certain extent, a little, somewhat
In a way I want to go to the new restaurant but in a way I don't really care.
43) in case إذا
- if
If something should happen, I will take my umbrella in case it rains.
44) in common مشترك
- shared together or equally, in use or ownership by all
I had nothing in common with the other members of the class.

45) in detail بالتفصيل
- giving all the details, item by item
The saleswoman explained about the new product in detail.

46) in effect
- for practical purposes, basically
The man's silence was in effect a way of disagreeing with the other people
in the meeting.

47) in fact
- actually, the truth is
The man has been to China before. In fact he has been there three times.

48) in favor of (someone or something) لمصلحة
- to approve or support someone or something
Everybody is in favor of the new police chief.
My company is not in favor of changing our holiday schedule.

49) in general بصورة عامة
- in most situations or circumstances = on the whole
In general, most of the people in our apartment are happy with the new manager.


50) in order to لكي ، لغرض
- for the purpose of
They have decided to close down the school for the summer in order to
do some major repairs.

51) in other wordsأي بمعنى آخر
- in a different (usually more direct) way
"In other words, if you do not finish the assignment by Wednesday you
will not pass the course."

52) in place في الموقع أو المكان الصحيح
- in the proper place or location
Everything in the room was in place when we arrived for the meeting.

53) in some ways من نواح أخرى
- in some unspecified way or manner, by some unspecified means
In some ways I know what my friend means but in some ways I do not.

54) in terms of (something) بخصوص
- with regard to something
In terms of our agreement with the other company we were not allowed
to sell the products online.

55) in time في الوقت المحدد
- early enough
I did not come home in time to meet my cousin.

56) keep (someone or something) in mind يتذكر شخصا ما أو شيئا ما
- to remember and think about someone or something
I told my co-workers to keep the new starting time for work in mind.

57) kind of نوعا ما ، بشكل أو بآخر
- somewhat, more or less, moderately
I was kind of tired when I arrived home last night.

58) look for (something) يبحث عن
- to try to find something, to hunt/search for something
My friend has been looking for her credit card all morning but she can't find it.

59) look up (something) يبحث عن شيء ما قاموس
- to search for something in a dictionary or other book
I will look up my friend's name in the telephone book.
I looked up the word in the dictionary.

60) make a differenceيحدث اختلافا في حالة
- to cause a change in a situation
It does not make a difference whether our boss comes to the meeting or not.
61) make sense ذو معنى
- to seem reasonable
His new proposal really does make sense.

62) make sure يتأكد
- to make certain, to establish something without a doubt
I want to make sure that my friend is going to meet me tomorrow.
63) more or less نوعا ما ، إلى حد كبير
- somewhat, to some extent
I more or less have decided to study business next year.

64) no matter بغض النظر عن
- regardless
No matter how hard that I try, my piano teacher is never satisfied.

65) not at all لا شكر على واجب
- certainly not
I am not at all happy with my new computer.

66) of course بالطبع ، بالتأكيد
- certainly, definitely, naturally
"Of course you can use my car if you want to."

67) on the other hand من الناحية الثانية
- however, in contrast, looking at the opposite side of a matter
He is very intelligent but on the other hand he is very lazy and always
gets low marks at school.

68) on time بالوقت المحدد ، بالضبط
- at the scheduled time, exactly at the correct time, punctually
Our train arrived exactly on time.

69) once again مرة أخرى
- again, one more time, once more
I tried once again to phone my boss at his home .
70) open to (something) منفتح على قبول
- to be agreeable to learn or hear about new ideas or suggestions
Most members of the class were open to the teacher's ideas.

71) pick up (something) يلتقط
- to get or receive something
I will pick up my dry cleaning tomorrow.
I picked up a copy of the newspaper at the station.

72) point out (someone or something)يشرح ، يلفت نظر
- to explain or call attention to someone or something
My teacher was very kind when she pointed out the mistakes that I had made.
73) put out (something) يصدر
- to produce or make something (a product/brochure/report/CD/movie/paper)
The company puts out a newsletter every month for the employees.

74) regardless of (something) بغض النظر عن
- without considering or thinking about something, without regard to something
Regardless of the weather we are going to go fishing tomorrow morning.

75) right away فورا ، حالا
- immediately
"I forgot to bring my book but I will go home and get it right away."

76) rule out (someone or something)يستبعد شخصا ما أو شيئا ما
- to decide against or eliminate someone or something
The police ruled out the man as a possible bank robber.
We decided to rule out Monday as the day to have our meeting.

77) run into (something - a fact/trouble/problems/difficulty) يواجه صدفة
- to experience something, to encounter something
The mechanic ran into trouble when he was fixing my car.
I ran into some interesting facts when I was researching my essay.

78) set up (something) يقيم ، يشيد
- to establish something, to provide the money for something
The newspaper company provided the money to set up the new
travel magazine.
The company set up a unique situation to test the new product.

79) show up يظهر ، يصل ، يتواجد
- to appear, to arrive, to be present
"What time did your friend show up for the party?"

80) so far لحد الآن
- until now
So far no one has entered the speech contest at the television station.
81) so to speakكما يقال
- as one might or could say, this is one way to say something
We had a good time at the restaurant, so to speak, although the service
was not very good.
82) sort of (something) تقريبا
- to be almost something, to be similar to something, to be not
quite something
"Did you finish cleaning the kitchen?"
"Sort of, but not really."
83) stick with (something) يتواصل
- to continue doing something, to not quit something
My brother has been able to stick with his trumpet lessons since he was a child.

84) take advantage of (someone or something)يستفيد من
- to use someone or something for one's own benefit
We took advantage of the beautiful weather and went to the beach.

85) take care of (someone or something) يعتني بـ
- to look after or give attention to someone or something
You should take care of your health or you will become sick.
86) take out (something) يستخرج
- to remove something from somewhere, to extract something
The teacher told us to take out our books.
I took out some onions from the refrigerator.
87) take over (something) يتولى
- to take control of something, to take command of something
The large company wants to take over some of the small companies in our area.
88) take place يحدث
- to happen, to occur
The soccer game took place on the coldest day of the year.

89) to the extent thatإلى درجة أن
- to the degree that, in so far as
I plan to provide information about the new company policy to the extent that I am familiar with it.
90) turn in (something)يسلم
- to give something to someone, to hand something to someone
I arrived at school early so that I could turn in my essay.
91) turn out ثبت
- to be found or known, to prove to be true
It turned out that more people came to the party than we expected.
92) up to حتى
- until, as far as a certain point, approaching a certain point
Up to last week I had never been inside a bowling alley.
There were probably up to thirty people at the meeting.
93) up to (someone) to decide/do (something) الأمر متروك إلى
- to be responsible to choose or decide something
It is up to the company president to decide when the meeting will start.
94) used to معتاد
- accustomed to
My friend is not used to living in such a big city.
95) with respect to (something)بخصوص
- referring to something, concerning something
I do not know what the company will do with respect to the old computer system.

96) work out (for the best) ينتهي بنجاح
- to end successfully
I hope that everything will work out for my friend when she moves to London next week.




  • ملف العضو
  • معلومات
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
  • تاريخ التسجيل : 18-05-2016
  • الدولة : العراق
  • المشاركات : 1,117
  • معدل تقييم المستوى :

    9

  • قحطان الخطيب is on a distinguished road
قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء الثامن
03-07-2016, 01:51 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية
تأليف وترجمة بتصرف عن الانترنيت: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق

الجزء الثامن

182مصطلحا مع الشرح والأمثلة والاختبارات في اللغة الإنكليزية


182 idioms in English language, with explanation, examples and quizzes
Excerpted from the Internet

(A)
________________________________________

1. abide by (something) يلتزم بشيء ما
- to follow the rules of something
The cleaning staff must abide by the rules of the school.

2. able to breathe easily again يسترجع عافيته
- to be able to relax and recover from a stressful time or event
My friend was able to breathe easily again when his company did not
go bankrupt.

3. able to do (something) blindfoldedمغمض العينين
- to be able to do something easily and quickly
The car was easy to fix and we were able to do it blindfolded.

4. able to do (something) standing on one's headينفذ ما بذهنه بيسر
- to be able to do something easily and quickly
The boy is good at fixing his bicycle. He can do it standing on his head.

5. able to take a jokeالقدرة على إضحاك الآخرين
- to be able to let others laugh and joke about you
Our boss is not able to take a joke. We must be careful what we say to him.

6. about time مسألة وقت
- to be something that should have happened earlier
"It is about time that you returned that book to me."

7. about to (do something) على وشك القيام بعمل ما
- to be on the point of doing something
I was about to leave my house when the phone rang.

8. above all بصورة رئيسة
- mainly, especially
I like adventure movies but above all I love horror movies.

9. above all elseأهم كل شيء
- most importantly of all
Above all else, I plan to go to the Natural History Museum when I visit the city.

10. above and beyond أكثر من المطلوب
- to be more than is required
The work that the man did on our house was above and beyond what was required.

11. above reproach لا يستحق اللوم أو النقد
- to be not deserving of blame or criticism
The actions of the police officer were above reproach.

12. above suspicion لا يرقى الشك إليه
- to be very honest so that nobody will suspect you of doing something wrong
The man's actions are always above suspicion.

13. absent-minded شارد ، كثير النسيان
- to be forgetful
My grandfather is very absent-minded and he often forgets his keys.

14. according to Hoyle متقيد بالتعليمات
- doing something strictly by the rules, doing something the usual and correct way
(Hoyle was a writer who was an expert on the rules of card games)
"According to Hoyle, we should not use this room but probably nobody will complain if we do use it."

15. according to (someone or something) بحسب ، بموجب ، طبقا لـ
- as said or told by someone, in agreement with something, in the order of something, in proportion
to something
According to our teacher, there will be no class next week.
We did everything according to the terms of the agreement.

16. account for (something)يجيب عن ، يشرح
- to provide an answer/explanation for something
The bad weather accounts for the fact that only a few people came to the meeting.

17. acid test اختبار لا يشك في استنتاجاته
- a test where the conclusions are beyond doubt
The problem was an acid test of our faith in the new manager.

18. acquire a taste for (something) يتعلم حب الأشياء
- to learn to like something
We acquired a taste for classical music during our trip to Europe.

19. across the boardبشكل متساو للأشخاص والأشياء
- equally for everyone or everything
The taxes have increased across the board and everyone must pay more.

20. act as a guinea pig يسمح بإجراء فحص ما على شخص ما
- to allow some kind of test to be performed on someone
I was not happy to act as a guinea pig on the new training material.

21. act high and mightyيتصرف بفخر وقوة
- to act proud and powerful
The woman always acts high and mighty and nobody likes her.

22. act one's age يتصرف الصبي كبالغ
- to behave as a mature person, to behave equal to one's age
My friend never acts her age in public.

23. act up يسيء التصرف
- to misbehave
The children began to act up during the field trip.

24. add fuel to the fire يزيد النار اشتعالا ، يتمادى في الغي
- to make a problem worse, to make an angry person more angry
The company added fuel to the fire when they criticized the workers.

25. add insult to injury يفاقم شعور الناس نحو الأسوأ
- to make a person who already feels bad to feel worse, to make a bad situation worse
Our boss added insult to injury when she refused to let us use the Internet during lunch

26. add upيضيف مبلغ
- to total up to a certain amount
I will add up the money that I owe to my father and give it to him.

27. add up (to something)لا معنى لها
- to mean something, to result in something
The things that my friend said about his boss do not add up to anything.

28. advise (someone) against (something)ينصح
- to suggest that something should not be done
I advised my friend not to swim in the river.

29. afraid of one's own shadowيخاف من ظله
- to be easily frightened
The small dog is afraid of his own shadow.

30. after a fashionبصورة رديئة ومنقوصة
- poorly, barely adequate
The cleaning staff cleaned the lunchroom after a fashion but not very well.

31. after allعلى كل حال
- in spite of what was expected
I have decided not to take swimming lessons after all.

32. after all
- because of the reason given, something needs to be considered
"You don't need to phone him. After all, he never phones you."

33. after all is said and done
- finally, when everything is settled
After all is said and done the mayor of our city is doing a very good job.

34. after hoursبعد ساعات العمل النظامية
- after the regular closing or finishing time
Our library has a place to return books after hours.

35. after the factبعد حدوث الشيء
- after something has happened
The man said that he was sorry but it was after the fact. He had already caused many problems.
36. against one's willضد إرادته
- to be without a person's consent or agreement
The police took the man to jail against his will.

37. against the clock عكس عقارب الساعة
- before a particular time
We worked against the clock to finish the project.

38. ahead of one's timeمبكرة ، من السابق لأوانه
- ideas or attitudes that are more advanced than those of other people
The ideas of the politician were ahead of his time.
39. ahead of scheduleقبل الوقت المقرر
- before the time on a schedule that has been decided
We finished our work ahead of schedule.

40. ahead of the game قبل بدء اللعبة
- to have done more than necessary
We worked hard all week in order to be ahead of the game on Monday morning.

41. ahead of timeقبل الموعد المحدد
- earlier than arranged or planned
We started the meeting ahead of time so that we could go home early.

42. aim at (something)يستهدف
- to plan or try to reach a target
We are aiming at a big increase in sales next year.

43. air one's dirty laundry/linen in publicنشر غسيل الآخرين ، يفضح
- to make public something embarrassing that should be a secret
The dinner party became uncomfortable when the host began to air his colleague's dirty
laundry in public.

44. air one's grievancesيشكو علنا
- to complain (often publicly)
We aired our grievances during the monthly meeting.

45. air (something) outيعرض للهواء لأسباب صحية
- to freshen something by putting it in the open air
We put the blankets outside in order to air them out.

46. alive and kicking على ما يرام وبصحة جيدة
- to be well and healthy
My aunt is 87 years old and she is very much alive and kicking.

47. alive and wellبقي حيا معافى
- to be well and healthy
The worker was alive and well after the accident.

48. all alongطول الوقت
- all the time, throughout
I knew all along that my friend would not get the promotion.

49. all at onceفجأة ودون سابق إنذار
- suddenly, without warning
All at once, the fire alarm rang and we had to leave the building.

50. all day longطول النهار
- the whole day
The girl was happy to wait all day long for the mail to arrive.
51. all earsكلي آذان صاغية
- to be eager to listen to someone
"I'm all ears, please tell me about the party."

52. all for (someone or something)مطيعة لشخص ما أو شيء ما
- to be very much in favor of someone or something
The woman is all for the manager and she never criticizes her.
53. all importantمهم للغاية
- most important, urgent or necessary
The meeting is all important and I plan to attend it.

54. all inمرهق ، منهوك القوى
- to be tired, to be exhausted
I am all in and will go to bed early tonight.

55. all in a day's work جزء من عمل شخص ما
- to be part of what is expected of you
It was all in a day's work when the firefighters rescued the cat.

56. all in all بوجيز الكلام ، وخلاصة القول
- in summary, after considering everything
We had a few problems but all in all the meeting was successful.

57. all in one pieceسالمة وبدور أضرار
- safely, without damage
Our furniture arrived all in one piece after we moved.

58. all manner of (someone or something)كل أنواع الأشخاص
- all types of people or things
There were all manner of people at the party.

59. all night longطول الليل
- throughout the whole night
We could hear the people next door talking all night long.

60. all of a sudden بغتة ، فجأة
- suddenly, without advance warning
All of a sudden, it became cloudy and began to rain.

61. all or nothingمائة في المائة
- everything, one hundred percent of something
It is all or nothing. If I cannot fully participate in the meeting I will not attend.

62. all-out-effortجهد جيد ومتكامل
- a very good and thorough effort
We are making an all-out-effort to finish our work.

63. all over but the shoutingقرر وحسم
- to be decided and finished
It was all over but the shouting for the football fans after their team lost the game.

64. all over the place
- everywhere
We traveled all over the place on our holiday.

65. all right على ما يرام ، بشكل مرض
- okay, satisfactory
It should be all right for me to bring my friend to the party.

66. all set مستعد
- to be ready to begin, to be okay
We were all set so we began the meeting.

67. all sweetness and lightتحلو وتشع براءة
- to be very sweet, to be innocent and helpful
The girl is all sweetness and light after she does something bad.

68. all systems goسار كل شيء على ما يرام
- everything is ready (often used when a rocket is launched)
It was all systems go and we began the installation of the new computer system.

69. all talk (and no action) يتبجح ، قول بلا فعل
- to talk about doing something but never really doing it
Our boss is all talk and no action and nothing new is ever done in our department.

70. all the livelong day طول اليوم
- throughout the whole day
I know the words to the song, “I've been working on the railroad, all the livelong day.”

71. all the rageأن تكون في نفس الطراز
- to be in current fashion
The new sneakers أحذية رياضية جديدة were all the rage during the summer.

72. all the timeدائما ، باستمرار
- always, continually
My sister asks for money all the time but I never give it to her.

73. all thumbsيلاقي صعوبة في تثبيت الأشياء أو عملها
- to have difficulty fixing things or working with one's hands, to be clumsy
My friend is all thumbs when he fixes things around his house.

74. all to the good لصالح ، لمنفعة
- for the best, for one's benefit
It was all to the good that my sister quit her job.

75. all toldقيل ، يقال
- including everything or everyone, counting everything
All told, there were at least twelve candidates for the job.

76. allow for (someone or something) يخطط لأخذ ما يكفي من شخص ما أو شيء ما
- to plan to have enough of something, to plan on the possibility of something
We must allow for enough time to go to the stadium.

77. along with (someone or something) بصحبة
- in addition to someone or something
I went to the concert along with my friend.

78. amount to (something)يبلغ
- to total something, to result in something
The small amounts of time later amounted to much time.

79. amount to (something)ينجح في شيء ما
- to become successful
The boy will never amount to anything if he does not change his behavior.

80. amount to the same thing أو ما شابهه
- to be the same or have the same effect as something
Going by taxi or by bus amounts to the same thing. We will still be late for the concert.
81. answer to (someone)يجيب عن سؤال
- to explain or justify one's actions to someone
The manager had to answer to the company president about the financial problems.

82. any number of (someone or something)عدة ، كثيرة
- a large number of people or something
I have any number of reasons not to buy a new computer.

83. appear out of nowhereيظهر فجأة دون سابق تنبيه
- to appear suddenly, to appear without warning
The dog appeared out of nowhere during our walk on the beach.

84. apple of (someone's) eyeبؤبؤ العين ويقصد به شيء ثمين ومهم للإنسان
- someone or something that is very precious or important to you
The man's youngest daughter is the apple of his eye.

85. argue for the sake of arguing/argument الجدل البيزنطي ، لا جدوى منه
- to argue only to be different
My brother always argues for the sake of arguing.

86. arm and a legكمية كبيرة من النقود
- a large amount of money
The man's new car cost him an arm and a leg.

87. arm in armذراعا على ذراع
- to be joined together by the arms
The young girls walked to school arm in arm.

88. armed and dangerousمسلح وخطير
- to have a weapon that may be used (usually used for a criminal)
The criminal was armed and dangerous when the police arrested him.

89. armed to the teethمدجج بالسلاح
- to be armed with many weapons
The police were armed to the teeth during the raid.

90. around the clock ليل نار
- all day and all night
We worked around the clock to prepare the store to open.

91. arrive on the scene يصل موقع الحادث
- to appear in a certain place
When the fire department arrived on the scene the fire was very large.

92. as a last resortإذا يفشل كل شيء
- if everything else fails
As a last resort we decided to borrow some money to buy the car.

93. as a matter of factفي الحقيقة
- actually, in fact
“As a matter of fact, we have been to the art gallery many times.”

94. as a result of (something)كنتيجة إلى
- because of something that has happened
As a result of a car accident my friend could not work for several months.
95. as a rule كقاعدة
- usually, as a habit
As a rule, I get up at 7:00 every morning.

96. as dull as dishwaterغير بهيج إطلاقا
- very uninteresting
The speaker at the conference was as dull as dishwater.

97. as far as بقدر ما
- to the extent or degree of something
As far as I know the movie will start next week.

98. as far as possible بقدر الممكن
- as much as possible
We went as far as possible with the project before we had to stop.
We plan to drive as far as possible tomorrow.

99. as for (someone or something) بالنسبة إلى
- with regard to, concerning
“As for me, I think that I will go home now.”

100. as good as one's word عند كلمته : إذا قال فعل
- to be dependable if one promises something
My friend is as good as his word. You can always trust him.

101. as if كما لو
- in the same way that something would be, that
The drink tastes as if it were made with orange juice.
It seemed as if the whole town came to the concert.

102. as is مهما كانت
- in whatever condition something happens to be
We bought the old sofa as is. It was very cheap.

103. as long as طالما ، بشرط
- provided that, on condition that
"As long as you promise to be very careful you can borrow my car."

104. as luck would have it صدفة ، بالصدفة
- by chance
As luck would have it, I was able to borrow some clothes for the party.

105. as one كمل لو كانت المجموعة شخصا واحدا
- as if a group were one person
The crowd stood up as one and began to cheer.

106. as soon asحالما
- just after something, when
I phoned my friend as soon as I finished dinner.


107. as such كما يبدو
- the way something is
"As such, I will not be able to approve your application for a loan."


108. as the crow fliesبطريقة مباشرة
- by the most direct way, along a straight line between two places
As the crow flies, it is not very far between my house and my office.

109. as to فيما يخص ، بخصوص
- with regard to, concerning, according to
We have some questions as to how the accident happened.
The players were put into groups as to their ability.

110. as usual كالعادة
- most of the time, following the usual pattern
As usual, the girl forgot to bring her book to class.

111. as wellأيضا
- in addition, also, too
I plan to take a computer course this summer as well.

112. as well as بالإضافة إلى
- in addition to
"Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel."

113. as yet حتى الآن
- until now, up to the present
As yet, our secretary has not talked about her plans to leave the company.

114. ask for (something)يطلب
- to deserve something, to receive just punishment for something
The boy is asking for some kind of punishment for what he is doing.

115. ask for the moon يطلب المزيد
- to ask for too much
The woman is asking for the moon. She will never get what she wants.

116. ask for trouble يتصرف بطريقة تعرضه للعقوبة
- to behave in a way that will likely cause trouble
The boy is asking for trouble if he misses another class.

117. ask (someone) out or ask out (someone)يدعوا شخصا ما إلى دعوة
- to ask a person for a date
My friend finally asked the woman at the bank out.

118. asleep at the switchغير مكترث
- to not be alert منتبها to an opportunity
I was asleep at the switch. I did not know about the job so I did not apply for it.

119. assault and batteryتهمة متهم
- a criminal charge where one violently attacks and beats someone
The man was arrested for assault and battery after the fight.


120. at a loss في حالة عدم التأكد أو الارتباك
- in a state of uncertainty or bewilderment
We were at a loss about what to do with the broken computer.

121. at a loss for wordsمتعثر الكلام
- speechless, unable to speak
I was at a loss for words when I met my friend after many years.

122. at a stretch بشكل مستمر
- continuously
My friend sometimes works for three weeks at a stretch.

123. at all costs بغض النظر عن الكلفة أو الصعوبة
- regardless of the cost or difficulty, no matter what
The company wants to protect their product design at all costs.

124. at any rate على كل حال
- anyway
"At any rate, I am not going to a movie tonight."

125. at bay عن بعد
- at a distance
We tried to keep the dog at bay when we entered the building.

126. at best على أحسن حال
- under the most favorable circumstances
The doctors said that the man had ten months at best to live.

127. at cross-purposes أغراض متقاطعة
- to have opposite ways of doing something, to have opposing goals
The two men are at cross purposes. They cannot agree about anything.

128. at death's doorعلى حافة الموت ، قاب قوسين أو أدنى من الموت
- to be near death
The young woman was at death's door after the accident.

129. at easeبراحة
- to be relaxed and comfortable
The players felt at ease after the coach talked to them.

130. at every turnأينما ينظر
- everywhere that one looks
When we visited Rome, there was a group of tourists at every turn.

131. at face value السعر المثبت على السلعة
- the apparent value of something, the value that is printed on a stamp or a bond
At face value the old stamp was worth almost nothing.

132. at fault مسؤول عن ، يلام عن
- to be responsible for something, to be to blame for something
The truck driver was at fault for the terrible accident.

133. at firstمبدئيا ، في البداية
- at the beginning
At first, I did not want to go to the movie but I later changed my mind.
134. at first blush من النظرة الأولى 00000000
- when first seen, without careful study
At first blush the man seemed like a good worker but later he had many problems.

135. at hand في متناول اليد ، قريب
- within reach, nearby
I stopped working because I did not have any tools at hand.

136. at heart أساسا ، من حيث المبدأ
- basically, fundamentally
The woman is a nice person at heart although many people dislike her.

137. at home في البيت
- in one's house
I left my money at home so I had to borrow some.

138. at it again يقوم بعمل ما للمرة الثانية
- to be doing something again
The two boys were at it again. We could hear them fighting.

139. at large طليق
- to be free, to not be captured
The criminal was at large for many months.

140. at last وأخيرا
- finally, after a long time
I waited all morning for my friend's call until at last it came.

141. at leastعلى الأقل
- no less than
There were at least 60,000 people in the stadium.

142. at length بالتفصيل
- in detail, finally
The speaker talked at length about the new product.

143. at loggerheads (with someone) يتشاجر
- to be having a quarrel or disagreement with someone, to oppose someone
We are at loggerheads with the company over their plans to build a new factory.

144. at loose ends غير مرتاحة وغير مستقرة
- restless and unsettled
My friend's mother was at loose ends after her husband died.

145. at odds (with someone)في خلاف مع شخص ما
- in disagreement with someone
The man has been at odds with his boss over his new sales territory.

146. at once فورا
- immediately
The police came at once after we called them.

147. at one sittingفي جلسة واحدة
- at one time
We finished the food at one sitting.
148. at peaceبسلم
- peaceful, happy
The woman was relaxed and at peace after her friend's funeral.

149. at random عشوائيا
- without sequence or order
The members of the team were chosen at random from among the regular players.
150. at risk في خطر ، معرضة للخطر
- in danger
The children were at risk of getting sick when the disease spread in the school.

151. at seaبحرا
- to be on the sea, to be away on a voyage on the ocean
My grandfather was at sea for several months when he was a young man.

152. at sea (about something) مشوش
- to be confused about something, to be lost
Most members of the class were at sea when the teacher tried to explain the difficult theory.

153. at sixes and sevens يضرب أخماسا بأسداس بسبب ارتباكه
- to be lost and bewildered
We were at sixes and sevens when the local grocery store closed.

154. at (someone's) beck and call مستعد دوما لخدمة شخص ما
- to be always ready to serve someone or do something for someone
The woman is always at her husband's beck and call.

155. at (someone's) earliest convenienceفي وقت مبكر يناسبه
- when something is convenient for someone
I plan to speak to the bank manager at his earliest convenience.

156. at (someone's) استعداد شخص ما لخدمة الآخرين
- ready to help someone in any way possible
A member of the hotel staff was at our service during our visit.

157. at stake = at risk of being lost في خطر الضياع
- to be able to be won or lost, to be at risk
Much money was at stake during the negotiations for the new stadium.

158. at the appointed hourفي الساعة المحددة
- at the time that has been decided
At the appointed hour, the team arrived at the stadium.

159. at the appointed time في الوقت المحدد
- at the time that has been decided
We went to meet our lawyer at the appointed time.

160. at the bottom of the hourفي نصف الساعة
- at the half hour - 10:30, 11:30 etc. (at the bottom of a clock)
The weather forecast is on the radio at the bottom of the hour.

161. at the bottom of the ladderفي أوطأ مرتبة في سلم العمل
- at the lowest level of pay and status in a company or organization
I will start at the bottom of the ladder at my new job.
162. at the crack of dawnعند انبلاج أول خيط أثناء الفجر
- when the first light of the day appears, very early in the morning
We left for our holiday at the crack of dawn.
163. at the drop of a hat فورا وبدون أي ضغط
- immediately and without any pressure
My friend will always help me at the drop of a hat.

164. at the eleventh hourفي اللحظة الممكنة الأخيرة
- at the last possible moment
The company and the union settled the strike at the eleventh hour.

165. at the end of one's ropeعند أقصى ما يستطيع الشخص القيام به
- at the limit of one's ability to cope or deal with something
I am at the end of my rope about what to do about my problems at work.

166. at the end of the day في نهاية المطاف
- when everything else has been taken into consideration
At the end of the day, it was impossible to get the money to build the house.

167. at the expense of (someone or something)يسبب ضررا لشخص ما أو لشيء ما
- to be to the harm of (someone or something)
The man was very successful but it was at the expense of his family and health.

168. at the latest كأقصى حد
- no later than
The tour will start at noon at the latest.

169. at the outset (of something)منذ البداية
- from the first or early stage of something
At the outset of the meeting there were problems between some members of the group.

170. at the present time ألآن ، حاليا
- now, at present
At the present time there are no extra helpers available.

171. at the top of one's lungsبصوت أجش عال
- with a very loud voice
I cried out for my friend at the top of my lungs.

172. at the top of the hourفي بداية الوقت
- at the beginning of the hour - 12:00, 1:00 etc. (at the top of a clock)
The radio news always starts at the top of the hour.

173. at this juncture حاليا ، في الوقت الحالي
- at the present time
At this juncture there is no point to have a meeting.

174. at this stage of the game حاليا
- currently, at the current point in some event
At this stage of the game we cannot change the plans for the class trip.

175. at times أحيانا
- sometimes, occasionally
At times, our teacher is very nice but at other times she is not nice.

176. at willبحرية ، متى تشاء
- whenever one wants, freely
The little boy was able to do what he wanted at will.

177. attend to (someone or something) يعتني بشخص ما
- to take care or deal with someone or something
The doctor attended to the patient.

178. attract (someone's) attention تلفت النظر إليك
- to cause someone to notice you
The strange behavior of the man attracted the policeman's attention.

179. augur well for (someone or something)نتوقع الخير لشخص ما أو شيء ما
- to predict good things for someone or something
The poor business conditions do not augur well for the workers.

180. avail oneself of (something) يجند نفسه لشيء ما
- to use something that is available
We availed ourselves of the office space to prepare for the school festival.

181. avenue of escape طريق النجاة
- the route along which someone or something escapes
There was no avenue of escape for the bank robbers.

182. avoid (someone or something) like the plague تجنب الأشياء أو الأشخاص
- to avoid someone or something totally
The girls avoided the new student like the plague.
Idiom Quizzes -A-

Choose an idiom to replace the expression in the brackets:
1. The man is (not very good) when he tries to repair something in his house.
(a) all thumbs (b) about time (c) all ears (d) an arm and a leg

2. The boy was (all ready to) leave the house when his friend arrived.
(a) at ease to (b) about to (c) at heart to (d) at loggerheads to

3. The teacher said the little boy was (her favorite).
(a) the apple of her eye (b) above suspicion (c) at sixes and sevens (d) as good as his word

4. (Without warning) it began to rain.
(a) All day long (b) All of a sudden (c) At every turn (d) At the crack of dawn

5. The car cost the woman (a very large amount of money).
(a) arm in arm (b) across the board (c) the apple of her eye (d) an arm and a leg

6. The boy's mother is always (available).
(a) at the top of the hour (b) at large (c) at the end of her rope (d) at his beck and call

7. "Okay, I'm (listening). Please continue with your story."
(a) all ears (b) at hand (c) at the top of my lungs (d) at loose ends

8. I do not think that the girl is (to blame) for breaking the computer.
(a) at risk (b) at fault (c) at peace (d) ahead of the game

9. My grandfather is (very forgetful) and often loses his glasses.
(a) absent-minded (b) alive and kicking (c) all in (d) ahead of his time

10. The man is often (fighting) with his boss about something.
(a) at sea (b) asleep at the switch (c) at odds (d) at heart

11. (Usually) I go jogging before breakfast every Sunday.
(a) At random (b) As a last resort (c) At the appointed time (d) As a rule

12. We (followed) the rules when we applied for the housing loan.
(a) added up (b) allowed for (c) acquired a taste for (d) abided by

13. The painter completed the job (in a barely adequate manner).
(a) all in a days work (b) after a fashion (c) after the fact (d) after hours

14. I made (a big effort) to finish the science project on time.
(a) an all-out-effort (b) an avenue of escape (c) an all-right-effort (d) an acid test

15. The family was (ready) to begin their holiday when their car had a problem.
(a) all the rage (b) all over the place (c) all set (d) all sweetness and light

16. (By chance) I met my friend just after I lost my wallet and my money.
(a) As a matter of fact (b) As far as possible
(c) Around the clock (d) As luck would have it

17. (At the last possible moment) the woman was able to get enough money to go on the
trip.
(a) At the eleventh hour (b) At the present time
(c) At the bottom of the hour (d) At this stage of the game

18. We go to an Italian restaurant (occasionally) but not very often.
(a) at the end of the day (b) at times (c) at length (d) at will

19. The computer programmer sometimes works for twenty hours (continuously) to finish
a job.
(a) at once (b) at least (c) at a stretch (d) at one sitting

20. The furniture arrived (without damage) after moving across the country.
(a) all systems go (b) against the clock
(c) after all was said and done (d) all in one piece

21. We arrived at the concert (early) so that we could get good seats.
(a) as usual (b) ahead of time (c) at first (d) all at once

22. The students began to (misbehave) when the teacher left the room.
(a) act up (b) act their ages (c) act high and mighty (d) add fuel to the fire

23. When the meeting started everybody began to (complain).
(a) appear out of nowhere (b) ask for the moon
(c) air their grievances (d) add insult to injury

24. We decided to continue with our plans (no matter what).
(a) according to Hoyle (b) at all costs
(c) at cross-purposes (d) at any rate

25. The workers made an effort that was (more than required) to finish the project.
(a) all to the good (b) at last
(c) at their earliest convenience (d) above and beyond what was required

26. There were (all types of people) at the concert.
(a) any number of people (b) all manner of people
(c) at this juncture many people (d) at face value many people

27. The man was arrested by the police for (violently attacking someone).
(a) assault and battery (b) being armed and dangerous
(c) being armed to the teeth (d) being afraid of his own shadow

28. (Including everyone) there were one hundred people at the meeting.
(a) All along (b) All the time
(c) All told (d) As the crow flies

29. We spent much time (taking care of) the children whose parents were
working.
(a) advising against (b) along with
(c) attending to (d) answering to

30. There was much money (at risk) when the company bid on the new
contract.
(a) at the drop of a hat (b) at stake
(c) able to breathe easily again (d) at the latest




  • ملف العضو
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قحطان الخطيب
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قحطان الخطيب
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رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء التاسع
03-07-2016, 01:59 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء التاسع
تأليف وترجمة: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق

المبادئ الأساسية في قواعد اللغة الإنكليزية
Fundamental Principles in English Language Grammar
Joining Sentences / ربـــــط الجمـــــــل

ملخص روابط الجمل وعددها (44) رابطاً والموجودة في الفصول التالية :

(1) (الغرض Purpose). (2) (السبب والنتيجة Cause and Effect).
(3) (تعاقب الأزمنة Sequences). (4) (التناقض Contrast).
الفصل الأول/ روابط الجمل (الغرضية Purpose) وعددها (11) رابطـاً وكما يلي:-
1-to لكي 5-in order not to لكي لا 9-so that لكي
2-in order to لكي 6-so as not to لكي لا 10-the purpose behind الغرض وراء
3-so as to لكي 7-for لكي 11-the purpose of الغرض من
4-not to لكي لا 8-in order that لكي
الملاحظات العامة
(1) الروابط الستة الأولى تقع في الوسط في أغلب الأحيان بعد جملة الحدث الأول ، الخالي من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) . وأفعال الرغبة هي :-
a. want to b. wish to c. intend to d. like to e. hope to f. aim to
وبعد هذه الروابط يأتي المصدر المجرد من (to) . إذا كان الرابط مثبتا والجملة منفية ، يصبح الرابط الجديد منفيا أيضا .
(2) الرابط السابع يقع في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول الخالية من أفعال الرغبة أعلاه وحرف الجر(to)على أن يليه أسم فاعل منته بـ (ing).
(3) الرابطان الثامن والتاسع يقعان في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول الخالية من أفعال الرغبة أعلاه وحرف الجر (to) .
(4) الرابطان العاشر والحادي عشر يقعان في بداية الشطر الخالي من أفعال الرغبة أعلاه وحرف الجر (to) على أن يليهما أسم في حالة التملك نهايته فارزة عليا وحرف (s) تملك أو ضمير تملك كما في الجدول أدناه . كما يجوز حذفهما في حالة تشابهمـا في الشطرين. ثم تحويل فعل الجملـة إلى أسـم فاعـل منته بـ (ing) ثم (is to) مع الزمن المضارع أو (was to) مع الزمن الماضي .

ضمير الفاعل ضمير التملك ضمير الفاعل ضمير التملك
1- I أنا my 2- we نحن our
3- you أنت your 4- you انتم your
5- he هو his 6- she هي her
7- it لغير العاقل its 8- they هم their
Exercise (1) / Join each pair of the following sentences using the prompts between brackets : النفي يبقى في جميع الجمل
1-Tom took أخذ the bus الحافلة . He didn’t لم want to يرغب be يكون late.
(Purposeالغرض . Use: in order that)
- Tom took the bus in order that he couldn’t be late متأخرا .
2-Martin visited his aunt عمته . He wished to thank her for the gift.
(Purpose. Use : the purpose behind)
-The purpose behindالغرض وراء Martin’s visiting زيارة his aunt عمته was to thank her for the gift.
3-Jack drives slowly ببطئ . He does not want to make يقوم an accident بحادثة .
(Purpose. Use : so that)
- Jack drives slowly so thatلكي he can not make an accident.
4-Thomas left غادر early. He intended عزم to attend يحضر the meeting.
(Purpose. Use : the purpose of )
-The purpose of Thomas’s leaving مغادرة early مبكرا was to attend the meeting الاجتماع .
5-Arthur saves يدخر money النقود . He intends يعتزم to buy شراء a car سيارة . ( in order to )
-Arthur saves money in order to لكي buy a car.
6-Carl went to إلى the dentist’s عيادة طبيب الأسنان . He wanted to have his bad tooth pulled out.
(so that)
-Carl went to the dentist’s so that he could have his bad الرديء tooth سنه pulled out يخلع .
7-Why لماذا did you brake توقفت suddenly فجأة ? ( hit that child )
-So as لكي not to لا hit ادهس that ذلك child الطفل .
ملاحظة حول الجملة (7) كلما بدأ السؤال بـ(Why) يكون الجواب:
(So asto) أو (So as not to) حسب معنى الكلمة الأولى بين قوسين .
مراجعة عامة و ملاحظات حول ربط الجمل/ ويعرف من الفعل
(اربط Join) أو (Combine) (الجمل الغرضية Purpose) وتتكون من (11) رابطا وحسب ما مدون أدناه :
المجموعة الأولى :- وتتكون من (6) روابط تقع غالبا في الوسط بعد الشطر الخالي من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) . وأفعال الرغبة هي (1) ( ارغب want ) (2) (اعتزم intend) (3) (أتمنى wish) (4) (أمل hope) (5) (اخطط plan) (6) (أحب like) (7) (أهدف aim)وتتبع جميعا بحرف الجر(to) ثم المصدر المجرد من أية زيادة (ed) (ing) (to) (es) أو(s) الشخص الثالث المفرد الغائب مثل:
1-Tom studies يدرس hard. He wants يرغب to be يصبح a translator مترجما .
(Purpose الغرض . Use استعمل : to لكي )
-Tom studies hard to لكي be a translator مترجما .
2-Martin wishes يتمنى to be يصبح famous مشهورا . He works يعمل day نهارا and night ليلا .
(in order to لكي)
- Martin works day and night in order to لكي be famous.
3-David comes يأتي to إلى school everyday كل يوم . He intends يعتزم to be يصبح successful ناجحا .
( so as )
- David comes to school everyday so as to لكي be successful.
4-Bill likes to be the first. He reads well. (Purposeالغرض) يجوز استعمال أي رابط من الروابط أعلاه
- Bill reads يقرأ well بصورة جيدة to لكي be يصبح the first . الأول
5-The old man doesn’t intend to get wet. He’ll take an umbrella with him.
(Purpose : so as)
- The old المسن man’llسوف take يأخذ an umbrella شمسية with him معه so as not to لكي لا get wet يبتل .
6-Carl likes to be a merchant. He works very hard.
( in order لكي )
- Carl works very hard in order to لكي be a merchant تاجرا .
طريقة الحل :- (1) الشطر الأول يبقى كما هو إذا كان خاليا من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) . وإذا كان الشطر الثاني هو الجملة الرئيسية نبدأ به . (2) احد الروابط الستة أعلاه يعطى في نهاية السؤال (3) حذف أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) بالإضافة إلى الفاعل .
ملاحظة :- إذا كانت الجملة منفية والرابط مثبتا نجعل الرابط منفيا أيضا . أما إذا جاء اسم الموضوع (الغرض Purpose) دون تحديد للرابط نضع (لكي to) مع الجملة المثبتة كما نضع (لكي لا so as not to) مع الجملة المنفية .
المجموعة الثانية :- وتتكون من رابط واحد فقط وهو ( لكي for ) .
طريقة الحل : (1) نبدأ الحل بالشطر الخالي من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) الذين يحذفان (2) الرابط المعطى (3) حذف فاعل الجملة الثانوية مع إضافة (ing) للفعل . مثل :
7-Oliver needed احتاج a knife سكينا . He intended عزم to على cut the meat.
(Purpose. Use : for)
- Oliver needed a knife for cutting لقطع the meat اللحم .
8-I’ll make a hole in the wall. I need a drill. (Purpose : Use : for)
- I need احتاج إلى a drill ثاقبة for لغرض making عمل a hole حفرة in في the wall الجدار .
بعد (for) يأتي اسم فاعل نهايته (ing)
المجموعة الثالثة :- وتتكون من رابطين فقط يعنيان (لكي) وهما : ( so that ) و( in order that )
طريقة الحل : (1) نبدأ الحل بالشطر الخالي من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) الذين يحذفون (2) الرابط المعطى (3) فاعل الجملة الثانوية المحتوية على فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) (4) ( يستطيع can) أو ما يشبهه إذا كان الزمن مضارعا و ( استطاع could) أو ما شابهه إذا كان زمن الجملة ماضيا . مثل :
9-Arthur braked توقف suddenly فجأة . He didn’t لم wish يتمنى to hit دهس the blind man. (Purpose. Use:so that ).
-Arthur braked suddenly so that لكي he couldn’t لا hit يدهس the blind الأعمى man الرجل .
10-Cliff took أخذ the bus الحافلة . He didn’t لم want يرغب to be يكون late متأخرا .
(Purpose. Use in order that)
-Cliff took the bus in order that لكي he couldn’t لا be يكون late متأخرا .
المجموعة الرابعة :- وتتكون من رابطين فقط يقعان في بداية الجواب بعكس جميع الروابط التي سبقته وهما :
(الغرض من The purpose of) و (الغرض وراء The purpose behind) وكلاهما يتبعان باسم تملك نهايته فارزة عليا وحرف (s) تملك أو ضمير تملك ثم اسم أو اسم فاعل نهايته (ing) ثم (is) أو (was) ثم (to) والمصدر المجرد من أية زيادة (s, ed, to, ing) مثل :
11-Helen visited her aunt. She wished to thank her for the gift.
(Purpose. Use the purpose behind )
-The purpose الغرض behind وراء Helen’s visiting زيارة her aunt عمتها was كان to لكي thank her for the gift الهدية.
12-I stayed بقيت a little قليلا longer أطول . I hoped to talk to her.
( The purpose of )
-The purpose الغرض of my staying بقائي a little قليلا longer أطول was كان to لكي talk أتكلم to her معها .
الملاحظات :- (1) كلما بدأ السؤال بـ ( لماذا Why ) يكون الجواب (لكي So as to) أو ( لكي لا So as not to) زائدا الكلمات داخل الأقواس ، إذ يعتمد اختيار الرابط على معنى الكلمة الأولى بين القوسين مثل :
13-Why did لماذا you swerve انحرفت ? ( hit someone )
- So as لكي not لا to hit ادهس someone شخص ما .
14-Why did لماذا you stop توقفت ? ( get some petrol )
- So as to لكي get أحصل some بعض petrol البترول .
ملاحظة :- نستعمل ( لكي لا So as not to) إذا جاء الفعل (يدهس hit) أو (يفوته miss) أو (يقع في الحفرة run into the hole) .
(2) تعتبر كلمة (أخشى afraid) مشابهة لأفعال الرغبة ولهذا تحذف عند الربط مع وضع أداة النفي (not) بعد الفعل
( يستطيع can أو استطاع could ) مع حذف حرف الجر (of) وكذلك (ing) من الفعل مثل :
15-He goes يذهب to إلى hospital المستشفى . He is afraid يخشى of catching الإصابة cancer بالسرطان . ( so that لكي )
- He goes to hospital so that he can not catch cancer.
(3) لا تجتمع أداة النفي (لا not) مع الفعل ( يتجنب avoid) . فإذا بقي الفعل (avoid) يجب إتباعه بـ (ing) وإذا حذف نعوض عنه بـ
(لا يستطيع can not) أو (لم يستطع could not) ثم المصدر المجرد من الزيادة (es, ed, ing, s) والمجرد من (to) .
16-George studied درس hard بجد . He avoided failing الرسوب in في the exam الامتحان.
(so that)
George studied hard so that لكي he could not لا fail يرسب in في the exam الامتحان . Or
George studied hard so that he could avoid يتجنب failing الفشل in في the exam الامتحان .
Join each pair of the following sentences using the prompts between brackets :
1-Martin took أخذ the bus الحافلة . He didn’t لم want to يرغب be يكون late.
(Purposeالغرض .Use:in order that)
-Martin took the bus in order that he couldn’t be late متأخرا .
2-Sue visited زارت her aunt عمتها . She wished to thank her for the gift.
(Purpose. Use : the purpose behind)
-The purpose behindالغرض وراء Sue’s visiting زيارة her aunt عمتها was to thank her for the gift.
3-My father drives slowly ببطئ . He does not want to make يقوم an accident بحادثة .
( Purpose. Use : so as to )
-My father أبي drives يسوق slowly so as not to لكي لا make an accident.
4-Tom left غادر earlyمبكرا . He intended عزم to attend يحضر the meeting.
( Purpose. Use : the purpose of )
-The purpose of Tom’s leaving early was to attend the meeting الاجتماع .
5-He saves يدخر money النقود . He intends يعتزم to buy شراء a car سيارة . ( so as )
-He saves money so as to لكي buy a car.
6-They used استعملوا a lorry الشاحنة. They carried حملوا the furniture الأثاث . (for)
-They used استعملوا a lorry الشاحنة for لغرض carrying حمل the furniture الأثاث .
7-He went ذهب to إلى the dentist’s عيادة طبيب الأسنان . He wanted to have his bad tooth pulled out. (so that )
-He went to the dentist’s so that he could have his bad الرديء tooth سنه pulled out يخلع .
8-He took أخذ some بعض aspirin الأسبرين because he لأنه wanted to get rid of يتخلص من the headache. (so that)
-He took some aspirin so that he could get rid يتخلص of من the headache الصداع .
9-He wants يرغب to be يصبح pilot طيارا to لكي defend his country. (so that)
-He wants to be a pilot so that لكي he can يستطيع defend يدافع his country وطنه .
المطلوب استبدال رابط برابط في الجملتين (8) و(9)
10-He walked سار very carefully. He was afraid to drop the cup. (Purpose. Use : so as not to)
-He walked سار very جدا carefully بعناية so as لكي not to لا drop يوقع the cup الكوب .
11-Why لماذا did you brake توقفت suddenly فجأة ? ( hit that child )
-So as لكي not to لا hit ادهس that ذلك child الطفل .
الجملة (11) كلما بدأ السؤال بـ(Why)يكون الجواب (So as to) أو (So as not to) حسب معنى الكلمة الأولى بين قوسين .
12-He goes to hospital. He is afraid of catching cancer. ( so that )
-He goes يذهب to إلى hospital المستشفى so that لكي he can not لا catch يصاب cancer بالسرطان .
13-Jack studied درس hard بجد . He avoided تجنب failing الرسوب in في the exam الامتحان .
(so that)
-Jack studied hard so that he could not لم fail يفشل in في the exam الامتحان .
14-David goes to school early مبكرا . He avoids يتجنب being lateالتأخير . (in order that)
-David goes to إلى school المدرسة early in order that لكي he cannot لا be يكون late متأخرا .
15-Peter studied day نهارا and night ليلا . He wished his family عائلته to be pleased مسرورة . (so that)
-Peter studied day and night so that لكي his family عائلته could be تكون pleased.
16-Dick got حصل full كاملة marks علامات . The teacher المدرس praised him.
(Purpose. Use : for)
-The teacher praised مدح Dick for getting لحصوله full كاملة marks درجات .
17-Explain اشرح the purpose الغرض of من your going ذهابك to إلى the post البريد officeدائرة .
(Use : to)
-I go اذهب to إلى the post البريد office دائرة to لكي post أرسل the letter الرسالة .
18-Susan left غادرت early مبكرا . She wanted أرادت to catch أخذ the last الأخيرة bus الحافلة .
(Purpose الغرض)
- Susan left early to catch the last bus.
بما أن اسم الموضوع موجود ، إذن يجوز استعمال أي رابط من الروابط الإحدى عشر
19-Shylock شايلوك was waiting ينتظر for a chance فرصة (revenge ينتقم himself لنفسه upon من Antonio انطونيو) (to)
-Shylock wasكان waiting for a chance to revenge himself upon Antonio.
20-He is هو taking يأخذ a taxi سيارة أجرة . ( miss يفوته the 9 o’clock الساعة train قطار ). (Purpose الغرض . Use : so as)
-He is taking a taxi so as لكي not to لا miss the 9 o’clock train.
الفعل ( يفوته miss) يدل على النفي
21-We meet نلتقي every كل Thursday يوم خميس . We go over نراجع the week’s الأسبوع work عمل . ( in order to )
-We meet every Thursday in order to go over the week’s work.
22-Antonio and Bassanio decided قررا to go to Shylock. They wanted to borrow 3000 ducats. ( in order to )
-Antonio and Bassanio decided to go to Shylock in order to لكي borrow يستعيرا 3000 ducats دوقية .
23-Sali needed a knife. She intended عزمت to على cut لقطع the meat اللحم .
(Purpose. Use : for)
-Sali needed احتاجت a knife سكينا for cutting قطع the meat اللحم .
24-He braked suddenly. Tomas didn’t wish to hit the blind man.
( Purpose. Use : so that )
-Tomas braked توقف suddenly فجأة so that لكي he couldn’t لا hit يدهس the blind الأعمى man الرجل .
25-Paul runs fast. He wants to catch the bus.
( Purpose. Use : the purpose of )
-The purpose الغرض of من Paul’s running ركض fast بسرعة is هو to لكي catch يأخذ the bus الحافلة .
26-Launcelot لونسلت went back رجع to إلى Shylock’s house. He wanted to say good-bye to him.
(in order to)
-Launcelot لونسلت went back رجع to إلى Shylock’s شايلوك house بيت in order to لكي say good-bye to him يودعه .
27-Antonio waited انتظر at في the harbor الميناء . He wished تمنى to see Bassanio off يودع .
(Purpose الغرض)
-Antonio انطونيو waited at the harbor to لكي see Bassanio بسانيو off يودع .
28-You want to draw out money for yourself. You must write "self" or "cash" on the check.
(to)
- You must write تكتب “ self “ لأمري or أو “ cash “نقدا on على the check الشيك to draw out money for yourself.
29-Why لماذا is Addison running يركض ? (miss يفوته the first الأول lesson الدرس )
(Purpose الغرض . Use : so as لكي )
-So as not to miss يفوته the first الأول lesson الدرس .
الفصل الثاني / روابط جمل (السبب والنتيجة Cause and Effect) وعددها (17) رابطـاً وكما يلي :-
1- as بما أن 7- As a result كنتيجة 13- lead يؤدي to إلى
2- since بما أن 8- therefore لذلك 14- cause يسبب
3- because بسبب 9- because of بسبب 15- make يجعلون
4- if إذا 10- caused by سببه 16- makes يجعل
5- soجدا ....... that لدرجة 11- result ينتج from من 17- made جعل
6- suchجدا.... that لدرجة 12- result يؤدي in إلى
الملاحظات العامة
(1) الروابط الأربعة الأولى تقع في الوسط أو البداية قبل جملة الحدث الأول، والذي يعرف أحياناً من الفاعل الجماد ، أفعال الكينونة ، أفعال الرغبة ، الدراسة ، المطر ، المحاولة ، (المقطع ing) .
(2) الرابطان الخامس والسادس (so) و (such) يقعان بعد فعل جملة السبب مع حذف (جدا quite) (جدا very) و (جدا too) إن وجدت .
(3) الرابطان السابع والثامن يقعان في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول ، (السبب cause) وقبل جملة الحدث الثاني ، (النتيجة effect).
(4) الرابط التاسع يقع في البداية أو الوسط بشرط تكون عبارة السبب وليس جملة السبب .
(5) الرابط العاشر يقع في الوسط بعد عبارة (النتيجة effect) المتبوعة بـ (is) أو (are) ثم عبارة (السبب cause). والرابط الحادي عشر يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة (النتيجة effect) وقبل عبارة (السبب cause) .
(6) تقع الروابط الثاني عشر والثالث عشر والرابع عشر في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة (السبب cause) وقبل عبارة (النتيجة effect) .
(7) تقع الروابط الخامس عشر والسادس عشر والسابع عشر في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة (السبب cause) ويليها المفعول به حسب الجدول أدناه زائدا المصدر المجرد من الزيادة (ed, ing, to, s, es) أو صفة مع حذف (is) إن وجد .
ضمير الفاعل المفعول به ضمير الفاعل المفعول به
1- I أنا me 2- we نحن us
3- you أنت you 4- you انتم you
5- he هو him 6- she هي her
7- it لغير العاقل it 8- they هم them
Exercise (2) / Join each pair of the following sentences using the prompts between brackets : النفي يبقى في جميع الجمل
1-They couldn’t لم يستطيعوا walk any more. They were tired.
(Cause and Effect. Use because)
-They couldn’t walk المشي any more أكثر because بسبب they were tired متعبين .
2-The man had لديه a bad رديئ cold زكام . He had to وجب عليه stay in bed.
(Cause and Effect. Use : as a result)
-The man had a bad cold. As a result he had to stay البقاء in في bed السرير .
3-Germs الجراثيم . Fermentation التخمر and decay التعفن .
( caused by سببهما )
-Fermentation and decay are caused by germs.
4-Excessive زائدة speed سرعة leadsتؤدي to إلى accidents الحوادث .
-Accidents are caused by سببها excessive speed.
( المطلوب هنا استبدال رابط برابط )
5-The pupil isهو clever ذكي . He will go يذهب to إلى university الجامعة .
( Cause and Effect. therefore )
-The pupil is clever; therefore he will go to university.
6-The doctor does not لا smokeيدخن . He is انه veryجدا cleverذكي .
(Cause and Effect. Use as بما أن)
-The doctor does not smoke as he بما انه is very clever.
7-That child wants to أن laugh يضحك . We shall laugh, too أيضا .
(Cause and Effect. Use :since)
-Since بما أن that child wants to laugh, we shall laugh, too.
8-Hard الشاقة study الدراسة . Success النجاح . ( leads تؤدي to إلى )
-Hard study leads to success.
9-Lack النقص of في rain المطر . Drought الجفاف .
( result ينتج from من )
-Drought results from lack of rain.
10-The student can answer الإجابة عن difficult الصعبة questions الأسئلة . He is انه very جدا clever. ( so ..... that )
-The student is هي so جدا clever ذكي that لدرجة he can يستطيع answer الإجابة عن difficult questions.
السبب والنتيجة Cause /ko:z/ and Effect /ifekt/
السبب والنتيجة Cause and effect ويتكون من (17) رابطا وحسب ما مدون أدناه . يعرف السبب ( Cause ) سواء كان جملة أو عبارة بكونه الحدث الأول فيما تعرف النتيجة (Effect) بكونها الحدث الثاني . إن الروابط الأربعة الأولى تقع قبل جملة السبب حسب موقعها في البداية أو الوسط وكما يلي :-
Join اربط ( combine اربط ) these sentences الجملwith the connectors بالروابط between بين brackets أقواس:-
1-There هناك was كانت a sandstorm عاصفة رملية . They postponed /pspound/ اجلوا the match السباق . (as بما أن )
-As there was a sandstorm, they postponed the match.
2-The ship السفينة sank غطست to في the bottom القاع at once فورا . It was كانت very جدا heavy ثقيلة . (since بما أن )
-The ship sank to the bottom at once since it was very heavy.
3-The news الأخبار was good جيدة . He was happy. (because لأن )
-Because the news was good, he was happy.
4-I make أعطي a promise وعدا . I keep التزم it به .
(Cause and effect. Use : if إذا )
-If I make أعطي a promise وعدا , I’ll سوف keep التزم it به .
إذا تشابه الفاعلان في الشطرين نلاحظ المعنى .
لاحظنا بان الروابط الأربعة أعلاه وقعت في البداية والوسط حسب موقع جملة السبب . كما لاحظنا أيضا إن الجماد كان في جملة السبب الأولى إضافة إلى وجود فعل الكينونة ( was ) ، وكذلك في بقية الجمل الأخرى . أما الجملة الخامسة التالية فقد وقع الرابط أمام عبارة السبب . ويقصد بالعبارة عدم وجود فاعل أو فعل بل اسم فقط فيما تحمل الجملة فاعلا وفعلا وكما يلي :-
5-a.His behavior was bad. Nobody liked him. (Cause and effect : because of بسبب )
-Because of بسبب his bad السيئ behavior سلوكه , nobody لا أحد liked him أحبه .
b. There was a sudden change of weather. He had a cold.
(Cause and effect: Use because of)
-Because of بسبب a sudden المفاجئ change التغير of في weather الطقس , he had أصيب a cold بالبرد .
لقد عرف السبب في الجملة الخامسة (b) من الفاعل الجماد ( الطقس weather ) ومن الفعل ( was ) .
إن الرابطين 6 و 7 يحملان نفس المعنى وهو ( لذلك therefore ; ) ( وكنتيجة As a result . ) يقعان في الوسط دائما بعد جملة السبب وقبل جملة النتيجة . الأول يسبق بالشولة المنقوطة ( ; ) ( semicolon ) والثاني يسبق بنقطة ( full stop ) .
6-People الناس wear يرتدون heavy كثيفة clothes ملابس in في winter الشتاء . The weather الطقس is هو cold. ( therefore )
-The weather is cold بارد ; therefore لذلك people wear heavy clothes in winter.
7-It is إنها raining تمطر hard بغزارة outside في الخارج . You cannot لا تستطيع go out تخرج .
( as a result كنتيجة )
-It is raining hard outside. As a result you cannot go out.
الروابط (8) ( يسبب cause ) (9) ( يؤدي إلى lead to ) (10) ( يسفر عن result in ) تحمل نفس المعنى تقريبا وتقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة السبب وقبل عبارة النتيجة . وإذا كان الفاعل شخص ثالث مفرد غائب ( he, she, it ) نضع (s) الشخص الثالث بعدهم ومع البقية لا نضع (s) الشخص الثالث أما الرابط (11) ( ينتج من result from ) فيعمل بعكسهم ، أي يقع بعد عبارة النتيجة وقبل عبارة السبب .
8-The earthquake الزلزال / great عظيمdamage ضرر . ( cause يسبب )
-The earthquake causes great damage.
9-Floods الفيضانات . Heavy غزير rain مطر . ( lead يؤدي to إلى)
-Heavy غزير rain leads يؤدي to إلى floods الفيضانات .
10-Hard بجد studies الدراسات . Success النجاح . ( result تؤدي in إلى )
- Hard studies result in success.
11-Death الموت . Disease المرض . ( result ينتج from من )
-Death results from disease.
الرابطان (12) و (13) يقعان بعد فعل جملة السبب ويحمـلان نفس المعنى وهو( جدا ....... لدرجة ). الأول يتبع بصفة أو ظرف فيما يتبع الثاني بصفة وموصوف ، أي أكثر من كلمة واحدة . ثم جملة السبب في كلتيهما ثم (that) ثم جملة النتيجة . مثل :
12-It was كانت raining تمطر hard بغزارة outside في الخارج . You cannot لا تستطيع go out تخرج .
( so جدا ....thatلدرجة )
-It was raining so hard outside that you cannot go out .
تحذف هذه الظروف(جدا very, quite, too) إن وجدت مع هذين الرابطين فقط
13-She has a very good time. Ann won’t leave the party.
(Cause and effect. Use : such ... that)
-Ann has such a good time that she won’t leave the party.
ملاحظة : أفعال الكينونة (8) وهي :
Verb to be أفعال الكينونة : is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being :
الرابط (14) يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة النتيجة واحد أفعال الكينونة وقبل عبارة السبب مثل :
14-Lack النقص of في rain المطر . Drought الجفاف . ( caused by سببه )
-Drought is caused by lack of rain.
الرابط (15) يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة السبب التي تتكون من حذف فعل الكينونة ووضع الصفة الموجودة بعده إلى ما قبل الاسم . ثم تحويل فاعل الجملة الثانية إلى ضمير مفعول به مع تحويل الفعل الماضي فيها إلى صيغة الزمن المضارع البسيط (المصدر المجرد من الزيادة) .
15-I laughed ضحكت . His funny المضحكة jokes نكاته .
(Cause سبب and effect ونتيجة : made جعلتني )
-His funny المضحكة jokes نكاته made me laugh اضحك
الجملة (16) يبقى الفعل(make) كما هو لان الزمن في الجملتين مضارع والفاعل الجديد جمع .
16-The exam الامتحان results نتائج are good جيدة . I feel اشعر happy سعيدا . ( make )
-The good exam results make تجعلني me feel happy.
الجملة (17) تتم بإضافة (s) الشخص الثالث المفرد الغائب لان الزمن في الجملتين مضارع والفاعل مفرد شخص ثالث .
17-The question السؤال is هو easy سهل . I pass it اجتازه easily بسهولة . ( make )
-The easy question makes يجعلني me pass it easily.
الملاحظات العامة :- لتحويل الجملة إلى عبارة نقوم بما يلي : أولا : حذف فعل الكينونة (is, am, are, was, were) ووضع الصفة الموجودة بعده إلى ما قبل الاسم كما في الجمل (5،15،16،17) أعلاه . ثانيا: تحويل فعل جملة السبب إلى (ing) ثم المفعول به ثم الصفة بعد حذف فعل الكينونة (was) كما في الجملة (a) أدناه . ثالثا: حذف فاعل جملة السبب وكذلك فعل الكينونة مع وضع الرابط بدلهما كما في الجمبة (b) أدناه . مثل :
a. I heard the news. I was happy. (Cause and Effect. Use : “make”)
-Hearing the news made me happy.
b. Susan succeeded in the exam. She was working hard.
-Susan سوزان succeeded نجحت in في the exam الامتحان because of بسبب working العمل hard بجد .
A/ Join each pair of the following sentences using the prompts between brackets :-
1-The case القضية was كانت urgent مستعجلة . I saw رأيت my lawyer المحامي .
(Cause and Effect . Use :make)
-The urgent case made me see أرى my lawyer.
2-Tom توم gets better يتحسن . He takes يأخذ the medicine الدواء .
(Cause السبب and Effect والنتيجة . Use : if إذا )
-Tom will get better if he takes the medicine.
3-They couldn’t لم يستطيعوا walk any more. They were tired.
(Cause and Effect. Use because of)
-They couldn’t walk المشي any more أكثر because of بسبب being كونهم tired متعبين .
ملاحظة : نستعمل (being) إذا جاء بعد فعل الكينونة صفة ولا نستعمل (being) إذا جاء بعد المحذوف اسم.
4-She had لديها a bad رديئ cold زكام . Helen had to وجب عليها stay in bed.
( Cause and Effect. Use : as a result )
-Helen had a bad cold. As a result she had to stay البقاء in في bed السرير .
5-Germs الجراثيم . Fermentation التخمر and decay التعفن . ( caused by سببهما )
-Fermentation and decay are caused by germs.
6-Rose was كانت displeased غير مسرورة . She had been severely بقسوة treated عوملت .
( because بسبب )
-Rose was displeased because she had been severely treated.
(الماضي التام سبب لأنه حدث أول)
7-He lost خسر the case القضية because he spoke roughly بخشونة .
( ( المطلوب هنا استبدال رابط برابط
-Speaking كلامه roughly بخشونة made him lose the case.
8-It was كانت too جدا dark مظلمة for بالنسبة us لنا to see بحيث لم نرى our way طريقنا properly بصورة صحيحة .
-It was so جدا dark that we could not see our way properly.
( المطلوب هنا استبدال رابط برابط)
9-Excessive زائدة speed سرعة leadsتؤدي to إلى accidents الحوادث .
-Accidents are caused by سببها excessive speed.
( المطلوب هنا استبدال رابط برابط)
10-Thomas wasكان drivingيسوق very جدا fast سريعا . The trafficالمرور policeشرطي arrestedقبض him عليه . (because)
-Because لأن Thomas was driving very fast, the traffic police arrested him.
11-I heard سمعت the news الأخبار . I was كنت happy سعيدا .
( Cause and Effect. Use : make )
-Hearing سماعي the news الأخبار made me جعلني happy سعيدا .
12-Arthur is هو clever ذكي . He will سوف go يذهب to إلى university الجامعة .
( Cause and Effect. therefore )
-Arthur is clever; therefore he will go to university.
13-Mr. Brown does not ا smoke يدخن . He is very جدا clever ذكي .
( Cause and Effect. Use as بما أن )
-Mr. Brown does not smoke as he بما انه is very clever.
14-Bill wants أراد to أن laugh يضحك . We shall سوف laugh نضحك , too أيضا .
(Cause and Effect. Use :since)
-Since بما أن Bill wants to laugh, we shall laugh, too.
15-Hard الشاقة study الدراسة . Success النجاح . ( leads تؤدي to إلى )
-Hard study leads to success.
16-Flood الفيضان . Heavy الغزير rain المطر . ( result يسفر in عن )
-Heavy rain results in flood.
17-Dirt الوسخ . Disease المرض . ( cause يسبب )
-Dirt causes disease.
18-Lack النقص of في rain المطر . Drought الجفاف .
( result ينتج from من )
-Drought results from lack of rain.
19-Mary can تستطيع answer الإجابة عن difficult الصعبة questions الأسئلة . She is لأنها very جدا clever.
( so ..... that )
-Mary is so clever that she can answer difficult questions.
20-The headmaster مدير مدرسة ابتدائية was كان a quite جدا busy مشغولا man رجلا . He couldn’t see me.
(such ... that)
-The headmaster was such a busy man that he couldn’t لم يستطع see me رؤيتي .
21-My examination امتحاني results نتائج are هي good جيدة . I feel اشعر happy سعيدا .
(make تجعل )
-My good examination results make me تجعلني feel happy.
22-He takes يأخذ a taxi سيارة أجرة . He arrives يصل at إلى schoolالمدرسة in في time .الوقت (Cause and Effect. Use: if)
-If he takes a taxi, he will arrive at school in time.
23-I was كنت feeling اشعر hot بالحر . I took off نزعت my coat سترتي.
( Cause and Effect. Use : as بما أن )
-As I was feeling hot, I took off my coat.
24-Eating الأكل too جدا fast بسرعة . Indigestion سوء الهضم .
( Cause and Effect. Use : result ينتج from من )
-Indigestion results from eating too fast.
واجب بيتي
B/ Join each pair of the following sentences using the prompts between brackets :
25-Peter feels very tired today. He studied hard until 3 a.m. last night.
(Cause and Effect. Use : therefore)
26-Antonio couldn’t lend Bassanio the money. He had no money to spare then.
( Cause and Effect. Use : because )
27-The five suitors decided to go home. They refused to base their marriage on a lottery. (Cause and Effect. Use: since)
28-The shipالسفينة was كانت very جدا heavy ثقيلة . It sank غطست to في the bottom الأعماق at once فورا . ( so ..... that )
29-There هناك was كان a sandstorm عاصفة رملية . They postponed /pspound/ اجلوا the match السباق .
( as )
30-The earthquake الزلزال / great عظيم damage ضرر .
( Cause and Effect. Use : caused by سببه )
31-They sat جلسوا in في the shade الظل . The sun الشمس was كانت hot حارة .
( Cause and Effect )
32-There is يوجد heavy غزير rain مطر . There will be ستكون floods فيضانات .
( cause )
C / Choose the correct answer a,b,c or d :-
33-Lack النقص of في planning التخطيط
( a. cause b. leads to c. result in ) failure الفشل .
34-Too جدا much كثير work عمل leads يؤدي to إلى
( a. illness b. ill c. sick d . well ).
35-Traffic المرور jam ازدحام is هو ( a. causing b. caused c. cause
d. causes ) by سببه bad رديئة driving سياقة .
36-If إذا all كل شيء ( a. go b. goes c. to go d. going ) according طبقا to the plan للخطة , by في the time الوقت you return تعود , you’ll سوف have lost تكون خسرت a daughter ابنة .
37-Working العمل hard بجد ( a. cause b. leads c. result from
d. results in ) success النجاح .
38-Too جدا much كثير lack نقص of في rain المطر leads تؤدي to إلى
( a. drought b. ill c. raincoat d. umbrella )
39-Germsالجراثيم can beيمكن killed قتلها by applying بتسليط
(a. liquid b. heat c. fermentation d. jam) to على the liquid السائل.
مجمل قواعد (تعاقب الأزمنة Sequences ) حيث يشتمل على ثمانية روابط فقط وكما يلي :
(1) (عندما when) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب) ويعامل معاملة الرابط (بسببbecause ) جاء مرتين في الوزاري . مثل :
1-Two kinds of script began to appear in most alphabets. Printing was introduced. (Sequence. Use : when)
-Two kinds of script began to appear in most معظم alphabets when printing الطباعة was introduced ظهرت .
(2) (بعد after) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب) ويعامل معاملة الرابط (بسببsince ) مثل :
2-Bassanio arrived وصل in إلى Belmont. Portia received him استقبلته kindly بحنان . (Sequence. Use : after)
-After بعد أن Bassanio arrived وصل in إلى Belmont, Portia received him استقبلته kindly بحنان . الوصول سبب
(3) (حالما as soon as) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب) ويعامل معاملة الرابط (بسببas ) مثل :
3-Portia’s face glowed توهج with happiness بالسعادة . She remembered Bassanio. (Sequence. Use : as soon as)
-Portia’s face وجه glowed توهج with happiness بالسعادة as soon as حالما she remembered تذكرت Bassanio.
(4) (بينما while) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب) ويعامل معاملة الرابط (بينماas ) على أن يتبع بالفاعل ثم احد الفعلين (was للمفرد) أو (were للجمع) وهما دليل السبب . وإذا جاء الفعل خاليا منهما يجب وضعهما من عندنا مثل :
4-The four lovers were preparing for the marriage. Lorenzo, Jessica and Salerio arrived. (Sequence. Use : while)
-While the four lovers were preparing for the marriage . Lorenzo, Jessica and Salerio arrived وصلوا .
(5) (بينما as) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب) ويعامل معاملة الرابط (بينماwhile ) على أن يتبع بالفاعل ثم احد الفعلين(was للمفرد) أو (were للجمع) وهما دليل السبب . وإذا جاء الفعل خاليا منهما يجب وضعهما من عندنا مثل :(دور ثاني99)
5-I waited انتظرت for the bus الحافلة . Ali علي came by جاء . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use استعمل : as بينما )
-As I was waiting for the bus, Ali came by. دليل الحدث الأول (waiting (الانتظار
(6) (قبل before) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الثاني (النتيجة) ويعامل معاملة الرابط (لذلكtherefore ) . ويحذف كل ما يشير إلى الزمن أو الفعل (will) مع إضافة (s) الشخص الثالث للفعل المضارع البسيط وكما يلي مثل :
6-Tom will سوف visit them يزورهم . First أولا , he will سوف finish ينهي his work عمله . (Sequence. Use : before)
-Before قبل أن Tom visits them يزورهم , he will سوف finish ينهي his work عمله . دليل الحدث الأول ( first ( أولا
(7) (حتى till) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الثاني (النتيجة) في الوسط دائما ويعامل معاملة الرابط (حتى until) . ويبقى الشطران دون تغيير أو يجوز حذف كل ما يشير إلى الزمن . ويقع قبل هذا الرابط أو بعده الأفعال التالية :
1-will سوف 2-won’t سوف لن 3-shall سوف 4-shan’tسوف لن 5-stayed بقي 6-waited انتظر 7-must يجب
7-Bassanio’s ship سفينة sailed away أبحرت . Antonio waited انتظر at في the harbour الميناء . (Sequence. Use : till)
-Antonio waited انتظر at في the harbour الميناء till Bassanio’s ship سفينة sailed away أبحرت .
(8) (حتى until) يقع قبل جملة الحدث الثاني (النتيجة) في الوسط دائما ويعامل معاملة الرابط (حتى till) . ويبقى الشطران دون تغيير أو يجوز حذف كل ما يشير الى الزمن . ويقع قبل هذا الرابط أو بعده الأفعال التالية :
1-will سوف 2-won’t سوف لن 3-shall سوف 4-shan’tسوف لن 5-stayed بقي 6-waited انتظر 7-must يجب
8-Keep quiet حافظ على الهدوء . The teacher will return يعود soon قريبا . (Sequence : until )
- Keep quiet حافظ على الهدوء until حتى the teacher will return يعود soon قريبا . فعل الأمر سبب (حدث أول)
Join اربط each كل pair زوج of من the following التالية sentences using the promptsالكلمات between بين brackets:
1-First, she entered the room. Then, Helen swept the floor. (Sequence. Use : as soon as )
-As soon as she entered the room, Helen swept the floor. وقع الرابط في البداية لأن الحدث الأول هناك حيث عرف
من كلمة (أولا first) المحذوفة كما عرف من كلمة (then) التي حذفت أيضا وهي دليل الحدث الثاني .
2-I tried حاولت to do القيام my homework بواجبي ألبيتي last night الليلة . The light went out. (Sequence. Use : while )
-While I was كنت trying أحاول to do my homework last night, the light went out انطفأ .
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن الحدث الأول هناك حيث جاء بعده الفاعل ثم (was) ثم الفعل المنتهي بـ (ing) وهو دليل الحدث الأول .
3-Martin came back رجع . I waited for him انتظرته . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use استعمل : until حتى)
-I waited for Martin until he came back.
وقع الرابط في الوسط لأن الحدث الثاني جاء بعده ، فيما جاء الحدث الأول قبله ، إذ عرف من الفعل (انتظرت waited) .
4-I shall سوف see her أراها later فيما بعد . I shall سوف give her أعطها the book الكتاب . (Sequence. Use : after بعد )
-After بعد أن I see her أراها , I shall give her the book.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن الحدث الأول هناك إذ عرف من معنى الفعل (أرى see) . يحذف (shall) و (later) لعدم جواز استعمالهما .
5-The soldiers الجنود had been trained دربوا . They were sent أرسلوا to إلى fight القتال . (Sequence. Use : after بعد )
-After بعد أن the soldiers had been trained, they were sent to fight.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن الحدث الأول هناك إذ عرف من الزمن الماضي التام (had) زائدا التصريف الثالث للفعل (P.P.) .
6-He was كان crossing يعبر the street الشارع . A car السيارة knocked him down دهسته . (while بينما )
-While he was crossing the street, a car knocked him down.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن الحدث الأول هناك إذ عرف من الزمن الماضي المستمر (was) زائدا الفعل المنتهي بـ (ing) .
7-It had rained أمطرت heavily بغزارة . We walked سار to إلى school المدرسة . (Sequence تعاقب زمن )
-After بعد أن it had rained heavily, we walked to school. وقع الرابط في البداية لأن الحدث الأول هناك إذ عرف من الزمن
الماضي التام (had) زائدا التصريف الثالث للفعل (P.P.) وكذلك من وجود الفعل (أمطرت rained) الذي هو دليل الحدث الأول (السبب) .
8-Arthur had spoken to David. The teacher heard them سمعهما . (Sequence. Use : as soon as)
-As soon as حالما Arthur had spoken تكلم to David, the teacher heard them. الماضي التام سبب.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن الحدث الأول هناك إذ عرف من الزمن الماضي التام (had) زائدا التصريف الثالث للفعل (P.P.) .
9-Sandy stayed بقيت at في home البيتSusan came . (Sequence. Use: until)
-Sandy stayed بقيت at في home البيت until حتى Susan came جاءت .
وقع الرابط في الوسط لأن ما قبله حدث أول عرف من الفعل (بقيت stayed) . إذن الشطر الآخر هو حدث ثان .
10-She did قامت her homework بواجبها ألبيتي . The light الضوء went out انطفأ . (Sequence : While بينما )
-While بينما she was كانت doing تقوم her homework بواجبها ألبيتي , the light الضوء went out انطفأ .
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن ما بعده حدث أول عُرف من فعل العمل (did) الذي يصبح (doing) بعد فعل الكينونة (was) .
11-The student left غادر for إلى England انكلترا . He had studied درس English first أولا . (before قبل )
-Before قبل أن the student left غادر for England, he had studied English.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن ما بعده حدث ثان عُرف من الفعل (درس studied) في الشطر الثاني وهو دليل الحدث الأول .
12-The clerk will سوف finish ينهي writing كتابة the report التقرير . Then ثم he will سوف watch يشاهد TV. (when)
-When عندما the clerk finishes writing the report, he will watch TV.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن ما بعده حدث أول عُرف من أسم الفاعل المنتهي بـ (ing) وكذلك من كلمة (then) التي تحذف لأنها دليل الحدث الثاني . ويحذف الفعل (will) من الشطر الأول لأنه لا يأتي مع جملة الحدث الأول (السبب) .
13-Ann won’t go. The nurse comes . (Sequence. Use : till) -Ann won’t go till the nurse comes .
وقع الرابط في الوسط لأن ما قبله فعل ناقص منفي الذي يمثل جملة الحدث الأول(السبب). إذن الشطر الثاني هو الحدث الثاني (النتيجة).
14-He was كان sitting يجلس in في the garden الحديقة . It began بدأت to rain تمطر . (Sequence. Use : as بينما )
-As بينما he was sitting in the garden, it began to rain.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن ما بعده حدث أول (السبب) الذي عُرف من الفعل (كان was) و (ing) بعد الفعل .
15-I buy a car. I have a driving licence (Sequence. Use : as soon as )
-I’ll سوف buy اشتري a car سيارة as soon as حالما I have احصل على a driving قيادة المركبات licence رخصة .
وقع الرابط في الوسط لأن ما بعده حدث أول (السبب) الذي عُرف من الفعل (احصل على have) وإضافة (’ll)لفعل الحدث الثاني في البداية.
16-She ran ركضت home للبيت . She met التقت her father بأبيها . (Sequence. Use : while )
-While بينما she was كانت running تركض home للبيت , she met her father.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن ما بعده حدث أول (السبب) الذي عُرف من الفعل (كان was) المتبوع بـ (ing) بعد الفعل . إن كلمة
(التقى met) دليل الحدث الثاني (النتيجة) .
17-Lorenzo and Gratiano returned عادا home للبيت . They met التقيا Launcelot. (Sequence. Use: as)
-As بينما Lorenzo and Gratiano were كانا returning عائدين home , they met التقيا Launcelot.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن ما بعده حدث أول (السبب) الذي عُرف من الفعل (كانا were) المتبوعة بـ (ing) بعد الفعل حسب السياق .
18-He left غادر for إلى England انكلترا . He studied English first. (Sequence. Use : before )
-Before he left for England, he studied English.
وقع الرابط في البداية لأن ما بعده حدث ثان (النتيجة) الذي عُرف من فعل الحدث الأول (درس studied) . نحذف (أولا first) .
19-Re-arrange اعد ترتيب the following التالية events الحوادث in في the right الصحيح order الترتيب . Use استعمل the links الروابط given المعطاة (1-first أولا 2-then ثم 3-later فيما بعد 4-finally وأخيرا )
I have أتناول my breakfast فطوري . I go اذهب to إلى school المدرسة . I get up انهض at في 6 o’clock الساعة in في the morning الصباح . I wash اغسل my face وجهي and hands ويداي .
-First I get up at 6 o’clock in the morning. -Then I wash my face and hands. -Later I have my breakfast.
-Finally I go to school.
20-I’ll سوف go اذهب home للبيت later فيما بعد . I’ll سوف finish انهي my work عملي . (Sequence. Use : after بعد )
21-They were كانوا playing يلعبون football كرة قدم . Their father أبوهم arrived وصل . (while بينما )
22-The thief السارق stole سرق the money النقود . He ran away هرب . (Sequence. Use : when عندما )
23-The policeman الشرطي stopped أوقف the driver السائق . He drove very fast. ( as soon as )
24-We have نتناول our breakfast فطورنا . We wash نغسل our faces وجوهنا . (Sequence تعاقب زمن )
25-I shall سوف not لن go اذهب . Tom comes يأتي . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use : till حتى )
26-The teacher will سوف wait ينتظر at في school المدرسة . The headmaster arrives يصل . (Sequence. Use :before)
27-Choose اختر the correct الصحيحة word الكلمة between بين brackets الأقواس :-
a-(After بعد , Before قبل , When عندما , Until حتى ) he died مات , he had had تناول poisonous ساما gas غازا .
b-(Until حتى , Before قبل , Till حتى , After بعد ) I had studied درست , I succeeded نجحت .
c-She will سوف stay تبقى here هنا (until حتى , because of بسبب , cause يسبب , result يؤدي in إلى ) I come أتي .
d-His success نجاحه (results ينتج from من , results يسفر in عن , cause يسبب , lead يؤدي to إلى) hard study.
e-The man (lose يضيع , lost أضاع , loss فقدان , loosen يرخي ) his book كتابه yesterday البارحة .
f-I am أنا (enable يقدر , capable قادر , able قادر , ability قدرة ) to help لمساعدة him.
i-Please من فضلك (lesson درس , lessen قلل , listen أصغ , less اقل ) to إلى the teacher now الآن .
j-Students inفي Iraq are provided يزودون (forلأجل , with بـ , at للساعات , into باتجاه )books freely مجانا .
k-Portia watched راقبت Bassanio (chooseيختار , chose اختار , chosen مختار , choice اختيار ) the right casket.
l-If إذا Antonio (is, are, was, were)to pay يدفع the penaltyالغرامة , you wouldn’tسوف لن takeتأخذ fleshاللحم .
28-Before Bassanio married تزوج Portia, he had chosen اختار the right الصحيح casket الصندوق . (after بعد)
29-He switched off أطفأ the lights الأنوار . Then ثم he went ذهب to إلى bed السرير . (as soon as حالما )
30-Tom is going to سوف stay يبقى at في home البيت . Then ثم his friend comes. (before)
31-First أولا you work تعمل hard بجد . Then ثم you will سوف succeed تنجح . (as soon as حالما )
32-I was كنت riding راكبا on على my bicycle دراجتي . A big lorry شاحنة passed مرت by me بجواري . (while
34-It had rained أمطرت heavily بغزارة . The sun began بدأت to shine تشرق . (Sequence. Use : after )
مجمل قواعد (التناقض Contrast)
(التناقض Contrast) ويمكن التعبير عنه باستعمال الروابط الثمانية التالية (أ) ثلاثة منها تقع في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول (السبب Cause) وقبل جملة الحدث الثاني (النتيجة Effect) كما في التمرين (1) (ب) وثلاثة منها تقع في الوسط أو البداية قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب Cause) كما في التمرين (2) (جـ) فيما هناك رابطان فقط يقعان في البداية أو الوسط قبل عبارة الحدث الأول (السبب Cause) كما في التمرين (3) مثل :



(1) He’s trying يحاول hard جهده . He still لا يزال makes يرتكب mistakes اخطاءا .
a) He’s trying hard, but لكن he still makes mistakes.
b) He’s trying hard; yet ومع هذا , he still makes mistakes.
c) He’s trying hard; however على كل حال , he still makes mistakes.
Now والآن do قم بما the following يلي as كما in في (a, b and c) above أعلاه .
1-She washed the shirt twice. The stain wouldn’t come out.
-She washed غسلت the shirt twice, but لكن the stain wouldn’t come out.
2-The doctor الطبيب gave me أعطاني some بعض good الجيدة advice النصيحة . I didn’t لم follow it اتبعها .
-The doctor gave me some good advice; yet ومع هذا , I didn’t follow it.
3-The driver السائق tried حاول to control السيطرة على the car السيارة . It crashed تحطمت into a tree بالشجرة .
-The driver tried to control the car; however على كل حال , it crashed into a tree.
4-The Zionists الصهاينة tried حاولوا to stop إيقاف the Arab العرب demonstrators المتظاهرين . They failed فشلوا .
-The Zionists tried to stop the Arab demonstrators, but لكنهم they failed.
5-The plan الخطة was carefully بعناية thought out تم التفكير بها . It إنها didn’t لم work تنجح .
-The plan was carefully thought out; yet ومع هذا , it didn’t work.
6-She washed the shirt twice مرتين . The stain البقعة wouldn’t لم come out. (Contrast تناقض . Use استعمل : but لكن )
-She washed غسلت the shirt القميص twice, but لكن the stain wouldn’t come out تزال .
7-The child kept استمر on في crying. He was given a nice toy. (Contrast تناقض . Use استعمل : however على كل حال )
-The child was given اعطي a nice جميلة toy لعبة ; however على كل حال , he kept on استمر في crying البكاء .



(2) Ali is هو a good جيد swimmer سباح . He couldn’t لم يستطع win يفوز في the race السباق last الماضي week الأسبوع .
a) Although ولو أن Ali is a good swimmer, he couldn’t win the race last week.
b) Despite the fact that ولو أن Ali is a very good swimmer, he couldn’t win the race last week.
c) Though ولو أن Ali is a good swimmer, he couldn’t win the race last week.
Now والآن do قم بما the following يلي as كما in في (a, b and c) above أعلاه .
1-The road الطريق is unsafe غير أمين . Ali علي is driving يسوق very جدا fast بسرعة .
-Although ولو أن the road is unsafe, Ali is driving very fast .
2-The restaurant المطعم is هو a famous مشهور one مطعم . The service الخدمة is not ليست very جدا good جيدة .
-Despite the fact that ولو أن the restaurant is a famous one, the service is not very good.
3-He has لديه a bad رديئة fever حمى . He refuses يرفض to call استدعاء the doctor الطبيب .
-Though ولو أن he has a bad fever, he refuses to call the doctor.
4-Salwa سلوى is tired تعبانه after بعد a hard شاق day’s يوم work عمل . She wants ترغب to في go الذهاب a party للحفلة .
- Although ولو أن Salwa is tired after a hard day’s work, she wants to go a party.
5-Firas فراس left غادر early مبكرا . He couldn’t لم يستطع catch اخذ the bus الحافلة .
- Despite the fact that ولو أن Firas left early, he couldn’t catch the bus.



(3) We went out خرجنا for a walk للنزهة . There هناك was كان heavy غزير rain مطر .
1- a) We went out for a walk in spite of the heavy rain.
b) In spite of بالرغم من the heavy rain, we went out for a walk.
2- a) We went out for a walk despite بالرغم من the heavy rain.
b) Despite بالرغم من the heavy rain, we went out for a walk.
Now والآن do قم بما the following يلي as كما in في (1 and 2) above أعلاه .
1-I got to وصل إلى the office الدائرة early مبكرا . There هناك was كان a traffic مرور jam ازدحام on على the way الطريق .
-I got to وصل إلى the office الدائرة early مبكرا in spite of بالرغم من a traffic مرور jam ازدحام on على the way الطريق .
2-He drove ساق very جدا fast بسرعة . There هناك was كان a speed السرعة limit تحديد on على the road الطريق .
-He drove very fast despite بالرغم من a speed limit on the road.
3-Ali decided to buyيشتري the washing-machineغسالة . Thereهناك wasكان a defect عطل in في the motor المحرك .
-Ali decided to buy the washing-machine in spite of بالرغم من a defect in the motor.
4-The plan الخطة was carried out نفذت successfully بنجاح . There هناك were كان a lot of كثيرة difficulties صعوبات .
-The plan was carried out successfully despite بالرغم من a lot of difficulties.
5-Sandy made قامت the correct الصحيح answer. She had امتلكها a feeling شعور of uncertainty at the beginning.
-Sandy made the correct answer بالجواب in spite of a feeling of uncertainty بالشك at في the beginning البداية .



6- Mr. and Mrs. Brown are at the dinner-table. The steak is very good. They are not eating. (yet)
-The steak لحم الستيك is هو very جدا good; yet, Mr. السيد and Mrs. السيدة Brown براون are not لا eating يأكلان .
(4) Join اربط each كل pair زوج of the following expressions التعبيرات using the given المعطاة prompts الكلمات .
1-Bassanio arrived وصل in Belmont. Portia received him استقبلته kindly بحنان . (Sequence-Use : when)
-When Bassanio arrived وصل in Belmont, Portia received him استقبلته kindly بحنان .
2-Processes such as fermentation, decay and the like. Germs (Cause and Effect. Use : cause, caused by)
-Germs الجراثيم cause تسبب processes عمليات such as مثل fermentation التخمر , decay التعفن and the like وما شابه .
-Processes such as fermentation التخمر , decay التعفن and the like وما شابه are caused by سببها germs الجراثيم .
3-Launcelot went back to Shylock’s house. He wanted to say good-bye to him (Purpose. Use : the purpose of, so as)
-The purpose الغرض of من Launcelot’s going back to إلى Shylock’s house was كان to لكي say good-bye to him يودعه .
-Launcelot went back to إلى Shylock’s house so as to لكي say good-bye وداعا to him له .
4-Pasteur’s discovery اكتشاف that germs الجراثيم could be killed by applying بتسليط heat حرارة to the liquid السائل . The process عملية of pasteurization البسترة . (Cause and Effect. Use : result in, result from)
-Pasteur’s discovery اكتشاف that أن germs الجراثيم could be أمكن killed قتلها by applying بتسليط heat حرارة to على the liquid السائل results تسفر in عن the process عملية of pasteurization البسترة .
-The process عملية of pasteurization البسترة results تنتج from من Pasteur’s discovery اكتشاف that أن germs الجراثيم could be أمكن killed قتلها by applying بتسليط heat حرارة to على the liquid السائل
5-Antonio waited انتظر at في the harbour. Bassanio’s ship sailed away. (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use : until)
-Antonio waited انتظر at في the harbour الميناء until حتى Bassanio’s بسانيو ship سفينة sailed away أبحرت .
6-The Prince of Morocco was clever. He failed to make the right choice. (Contrast . Use : in spite of)
-In spite بالرغم of من being كونه clever ذكيا , the Prince of Morocco failed فشل to make the right choice الاختيار .
7-You want to open a bank account. You have to fill in some forms الاستمارات . (Cause and Effect. Use : if)
-If إذا you want ترغب to في open فتح a bank مصرفي account حساب , you have to يجب عليك أن fill in تملأ someبعض forms.
8-The government has built بنت a strong قويا army جيشا . The aim الهدف is هو to
safeguard حماية its achievements انجازاتها . (Purpose الغرض . Use استعمل : to لكي , so that لكي )
-The government has built a strong army to safeguard its achievements.
-The government has built a strong army so that it can يستطيع safeguard its
achievements.
9-Bassanio left for Venice. Portia began to think of a plan to save Antonio. (Sequence. Use : when, as soon as)
-When عندما Bassanio left غادر forإلى Veniceالبندقية , Portia beganبدأت to think تفكر of a plan بخطة to save لإنقاذ Antonio.
-As soon as حالما Bassanio left for Venice, Portia began to think of a plan to save Antonio انطونيو .
10-Ibn ابن Rushed رشد became أصبح well known مشهورا and held تقلد important مهمة positions مناصب . He
remainedبقي humble متواضعا and continued واستمر to work hard بجد . (Contrast تناقض . Use : though, yet)
-Though ولو أن Ibn ابن Rushed رشد became أصبح well known مشهورا and held تقلد important مهمة
positions مناصب . He remainedبقي humble متواضعا and continued واستمر to work hard بجد .
-Ibn ابن Rushed رشد became أصبح well known مشهورا and held تقلد important مهمة positions مناصب ; yet ومع هذا , he remained بقي humble متواضعا and continued واستمر to work hard بجد .
11-Antonio lent money without interest. Shylock lost business. (Cause and Effect. Use : make جعل )
-Antonio’s انطونيو lending إعارة money النقود without بدون interest فائدة made جعل Shylock lose يخسر business العمل .
12-The treatment must be given at once. It is called “first aid” . (Cause and Effect. Use : as a result, as)
-It is called سمي “first aid” . As a result كنتيجة the treatment المعالجة must يجب be given إعطاءها at once فورا .
-The treatment المعالجة must يجب be given إعطاءها at once فورا as it is لأنها called تدعى “first أولية aid إسعافات ” .
13-Antonio and Bassanio decided قررا to go الذهاب to إلى Shylock. They wanted أرادا to borrow استعارة 3000 ducats دوقية . (Purpose الغرض . Use استعمل : in order to لكي , in order that لكي )
-Antonio and Bassanio decided to go to Shylock in order to لكي borrow 3000 ducats.
-Antonio and Bassanio decided to go to Shylock in order that لكي they could borrow 3000 ducats.
14-Launcelot decided to join Bassanio. Bassanio was poor (Contrast. Use : yet, even though)
-Bassanio was كان poor فقيرا ; yet ومع هذا , Launcelot decided قرر to join الالتحاق Bassanio .
-Launcelot decided to join Bassanio even ولو though أن Bassanio was poor.
15-Pasteur discovered اكتشف the action تأثير of germs الجراثيم . He was كان studying يدرس fermentation التخمر in في wines الخمور and other الأخرى liquids والسوائل . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use استعمل : while بينما )
-Pasteur discovered اكتشف the action تأثير of germs الجراثيم while بينما he was كان studying يدرس
fermentation التخمر in في wines الخمور and other الأخرى liquids والسوائل .
16-Shylock was wicked. He lost everything. (Cause سبب and Effect ونتيجة . Use استعمل : make جعل )
-Being لأنه كان wicked شريرا made جعل Shylock lose يخسر everything كل شيء .
17-Shylock had refused رفض to show يري mercy الرحمة to Antonio. The Duke الدوق pardoned عفا him عنه and
gave him back وارجع له his life حياته . (Contrast تناقض . Use استعمل : although ولو أن , however على كل حال )
-Although Shylock had refused to show mercy to Antonio, the Duke pardoned him and gave him back his life.
-Shylock had refused to show mercy to Antonio; however, the Duke pardoned him and gave him back his life.
18-The Duke departed غادر from the court المحكمة . Antonio was left with his two friends, Bassanio
and Gratiano. (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use : after بعد )
-After the Duke departed from the court, Antonio was left with his two friends, Bassanio and Gratiano.
19-Jessica dressed up a pageboy. She did not want to be recognized. (Purpose. Use : in order that, in order to)
-Jessica dressed up ارتدت ملابس a pageboy غلام in order that لكي she could not لا be recognized.
-Jessica dressed up a pageboy in order لكي not لا to be recognized يتم التعرف عليها .
20-Portia was كانت very جدا beautiful جميلة . Many كثيرونrich أغنياء well-known مشهورون men wanted أرادوا
to marry الزواج her منها . (Cause سبب and Effect ونتيجة . Use استعمل : so جدا ... that لدرجة , as a result كنتيجة )
-Portia was so جدا beautiful that لدرجة many rich well-known men wanted to marry her.
-Portia was very جدا beautiful. As a result many rich well-known men wanted to marry her.
21-You want to draw out تسحب money النقود for yourself لأمرك . You must يجب write “self لأمري ” or أو “cash نقدا ”
on the cheque الشيك . (Cause السبب and Effect والنتيجة . Use : if ) (6) (Purpose الغرض . Use : to, so that)
If إذا you want to draw out money for yourself, you must write “self” or “cash” on the cheque.
- You must write “self” or “cash” on the cheque to لكي draw out money for yourself.
-You must write “self” or “cash” on the cheque so that لكي you can draw out money for yourself.
22-Many couples take out life assurance policy. They wish to save money. (Purpose. Use : so that, to)
-Manyعدة couples أزواج take out يستخرجون life الحياة assurance التأمين policy بوليصة so that they can save money.
-Many couples take out life assurance policy to لكي save يدخروا money النقود .
23-Portia asked Jessica and Lorenzo to manage the mansion. She was away. (Sequence. Use : while)
-Portia askedطلبت من Jessica and Lorenzo to manageإدارة the mansionالقصر while بينما she was كانت away بعيدة .
24-Disabling of the breathing muscles. An electric shock. (Cause and Effect. Use : cause, result from, caused by)
- An electric الكهربائية shock الصدمة causes تسبب disabling العوق of في the breathing التنفس muscles عضلات .
- Disabling ا الإعاقة of the breathing muscles عضلات results ينتج from من an electric الكهربائية shock الصدمة .
- Disabling الإعاقة of في the breathing التنفس muscles عضلات is caused by سببه an electric الكهربائية shock.
25-Antonio waited انتظر at في the harbour. He wanted to see Bassanio off. (Purpose. Use : so as, so that)
-Antonio waited at the harbour الميناء so as to لكي see Bassanio off يودع .
-Antonio waited at the harbour so that لكي he could see Bassanio off.
26-He is choking. There is a lump of food in the breathing passage. (Cause and Effect. Use : because, because of)
-He is choking يختنق because لأنه there هناك is يوجد a lump لقمة of food in the breathing passage.
-He is هو choking يختنق because of بسبب a lump بلقمة of food الطعام in في the breathing التنفس passage مجرى .
27-The patient must be kept warm. A doctor or an ambulance arrives. (Sequence. Use : until)
-The patient المريض must be kept يحفظ warm دافئا until حتى a doctor الطبيب or أو an ambulance الإسعاف arrives.
28-There هناك was كان no gas غاز bill قائمة in في Arthur’s mail بريد . There هناك was كان a coin بالنقود
meter عداد يعمل for gas للغاز in في the flat الشقة . (Cause and Effect . Use : because بسبب , therefore لذلك )
-There was no gas bill in Arthur’s mail because there was a coin meter for gas in the flat الشقة .
-There was a coin meter for gas in the flat; therefore لذلك there was no gas bill in Arthur’s mail بريد .
29-Launcelot went back to Shylock’s house. He wanted to say good-bye to him. (Purpose. Use : to, in order that)
-Launcelot لونسلت went back رجع to إلى Shylock’s شايلوك house بيت to لكي say good-bye to him يودعه .
-Launcelot went back to Shylock’s house so that لكي he could say good-bye to him.
30-The capacity استيعاب of higher العالي education التعليم institutions مؤسسات was كان limited محدودا . Many عدة people أشخاص were كانوا unable to get higher education. (Cause and Effect. Use : because of, make)
-Because of the limited capacity of higher education institutions, many people were unable to get higher education.
-The limited capacity of higher education institutions made جعل many people unable to get higher education.
31-The four lovers العشاق were كانوا preparing يستعدون for the marriage للزواج . Lorenzo, Jessica and Salerio arrived وصلوا with مع a letter رسالة from من Antonio. (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use استعمل : while بينما ).
-While the four lovers were preparing for the marriage, Lorenzo, Jessica and Salerio arrived with a letter from Antonio.
32-You want to save. You can put your money into a deposit account. (Cause and Effect. Use : if).
-If you want ترغب to في save الادخار , you can تستطيع put وضع your money into a deposit التوفير account حساب .
33-Notes and coins are needed for small commercial transactions of everyday life. Few people nowadays keep large كبيرة sums مبالغ of money in cash نقدا . (Contrast تناقض . Use : despite the fact, however)
-Despite the fact that notesالعملات الورقية and coins العملات المعدنية are needed for small commercial التجارية transactionsالعمليات of everydayاليومية life الحياة , few people nowadays keep large sums of money in cash.
-Notes and coins are needed for small commercial transactions of everyday life; however على كل حال , few people nowadays keep large sums of money in cash.
34-Printing was introduced. Two kinds of script began to appear in most alphabets. (Sequence : when)
-When printing الطباعة was introduced ظهرت , two kinds نوعان of من script الخط began بدأ to appear بالظهور in في most معظم alphabets الأبجديات .
35-Burns. Flames, hot objects, electricity, chemicals or radiation. (Cause and Effect : result in, caused by)
-Flames, hot objects, electricity, chemicals or radiation الإشعاع result تسفر in عن burns الحروق .
-Burns الحروق are caused by سببها flames اللهيب , hot الحارة objects المواد , electricity الكهرباء , chemicals or radiation.
36-The principles of the Revolution are quite firm. Their application has been admirable flexible.
(Contrast تناقض . Use : although ولو أن , but لكن ).
-Although the principles of the Revolution are quite firm, their application has been admirably flexible.
-The principles of the Revolution are quite firm, but their application has been admirably flexible.
37-At first Bassanio refused to take Gratiano with him to Belmont. Gratiano was wild and might
spoil everything كل شيء . (Cause سبب and Effect نتيجة . Use : since بما أن , therefore لذلك ).
-At first Bassanio refused to take Gratiano with him to Belmont since Gratiano was wild and might spoil everything.
-Gratiano was wild وحشا and might ربما spoil يفسد everything كل شيء ; therefore, at first Bassanio
refused رفض to take أخذ Gratiano with him معه to Belmont.
38-Gratiano tried to answer. Nerissa stopped him (Contrast تناقض : Use : but).
-Gratiano كراشيانو tried حاول to answer يجيب , but لكن Nerissa نيريسا stopped him أوقفته .
39-Shylock would never agree to Jessica’s marriage to Lorenzo. Lorenzo was a poor Christian.
(Cause and Effect. Use : as a result, because).
-Lorenzo was a poor Christian مسيحيا . As a result Shylock would never agree to Jessica’s marriage to Lorenzo.
-Shylock would never agree to Jessica’s marriage to Lorenzo because Lorenzo was a poor Christian.
40-Portia’s face glowed with happiness. She remembered Bassanio. (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use : when).
-Portia’s face وجه glowed توهج with happiness بالسعادة when عندما She remembered تذك
ملخص روابط الجمل وعددها (44) رابطـاً والموجودة في المواضيع التالية: (الغرض (Purpose
( السبب والنتيجة Cause and Effect) ، (تعاقب الأزمنةSequences) و (التناقض Contrast).
(أ‌) روابط الجمل (الغرضية Purpose)وعددها (11) رابطـاً وكما يلي :-
1-to لكي 4-not to لكي لا 7-for لكي 10-the purpose behind الغرض وراء
2-in order to لكي 5-in order not to لكي لا 8-in order that لكي 11-the purpose of الغرض من
3-so as to لكي 6-so as not to لكي لا 9-so that لكي
الملاحظات العامة :-
(1) الروابط الستة الأولى تقع في الوسط في أغلب الأحيان بعد جملة الحدث الأول ، الخالي من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) . وأفعال الرغبة هي (a. want to b. wish to c. intend to d. like to e. hope to f. aim to ) . وبعد هذه الروابط يأتي المصدر المجرد من (to) . إذا كان الرابط مثبتا والجملة منفية ، يصبح الرابط الجديد منفيا أيضا .
(2) الرابط السابع يقع في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول الخالية من أفعال الرغبة أعلاه وحرف الجر(to)على أن يليه أسم فاعل منته بـ(ing).
(3) الرابطان الثامن والتاسع يقعان في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول الخالية من أفعال الرغبة أعلاه وحرف الجر (to) .
(4) الرابطان العاشر والحادي عشر يقعان في بداية الشطر الخالي من أفعال الرغبة أعلاه وحرف الجر (to) على أن يليهما أسم في حالة التملك منتهي بفارزة عليا وحرف (s) تملك أو ضمير تملك كما في الجدول أدناه . كما يجوز حذفهما في حالة تشابههما في الشطرين. ثم تحويل فعل الجملة إلى أسم فاعل منتهي بـ (ing) ثم (is to) مع الزمن المضارع أو (was to) مع الزمن الماضي .
ضمير الفاعل ضمير التملك ضمير الفاعل ضمير التملك ضمير الفاعل ضمير التملك ضمير الفاعل ضمير التملك
1-I أنا my 2-we نحن our 3-you أنت your 4-you انتم your
5-he هو his 6-she هي her 7-it لغير العاقل its 8-they هم their
(5) ويمكن الإجابة عن الأسئلة حسب التقسيمات التالية :-
أ- الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر to + (to) + عبارة خالية من فاعل وفعل بعد حذف فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) .
ب-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر to +(so as to)+عبارة خالية من فاعل وفعل بعد حذف فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر(to) .
ج-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجرto+(in order to)+عبارة خالية من فاعل وفعل بعد حذف فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر(to).
د-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر to +(not to)+عبارة خالية من فاعل وفعل بعد حذف فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر(to)
هـ-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر to + (so as not to) +عبارة خالية من فاعل وفعل بعد حذف فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر(t o) .
و-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجرto +(in order not to)+عبارة خالية من فاعل وفعل بعد حذف فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر (t o) .
ز-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجرto +(so that)+ فاعل + (can أو could) + مصدر مجرد من الزيادة .
ح-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجرto +(in order that)+ فاعل + (can أو could) + مصدر مجرد من الزيادة .
ط-الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجرto +(for)+ اسم فاعل منتهي بـ (ing) .
ي-الرابط (the purpose behind) يقع في بداية الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) + أسم تملك منتهي بفارزة عليا وحرف (s) تملك أو ضمير تملك + (is to) مع الجملة التي فعلها مضارع أو (was to) مع الجملة التي فعلها ماضي .
ك-الرابط (the purpose of) يقع في بداية الجملة الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) + أسم تملك منته بفارزة عليا وحرف (s) تملك أو ضمير تملك + (is to) مع الجملة التي فعلها مضارع أو (was to) مع الجملة التي فعلها ماضي .
(ب) روابط جمل (السبب والنتيجة Cause and Effect)وعددهم (17) رابطـاً وكما يلي :-
1-as بما أن 5-soجدا ........ that لدرجة 9-because of بسبب 13-lead يؤدي to إلى 17-made جعل
2-since بما أن 6-such جدا ...... that لدرجة 10-caused by سببه 14-cause يسبب
3-because بسبب 7-As a result كنتيجة 11-result ينتج from من 15-make يجعلون
4-if إذا 8-therefore لذلك 12-result يؤدي in إلى 16-makes يجعل
الملاحظات العامة :-
(1) الروابط الأربعة الأولى تقع في الوسط أو البداية قبل جملة الحدث الأول ، والذي يعرف أحياناً من الفاعل الجماد ، أفعال الكينونة ، أفعال الرغبة ، الدراسة ، المطر ، المحاولة ، (المقطع ing) .
(2) الرابطان الخامس والسادس (so) و (such) يقعان بعد فعل جملة السبب مع حذف (جدا quite) (جدا very) و (جدا too) إن وجدت .
(3) الرابطان السابع والثامن يقعان في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول ، (السبب cause) وقبل جملة الحدث الثاني ، (النتيجة effect).
(4) الرابط التاسع يقع في البداية أو الوسط بشرط تكون عبارة السبب وليس جملة السبب .
(5) الرابط العاشر يقع في الوسط بعد عبارة (النتيجة effect) المتبوعة بـ (is) أو (are) ثم عبارة (السبب cause) . والرابط الحادي عشر يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة (النتيجة effect) وقبل عبارة (السبب cause) .
(6) تقع الروابط الثاني عشر والثالث عشر والرابع عشر في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة (السبب cause) وقبل عبارة (النتيجة effect) .
(7) تقع الروابط الخامس عشر والسادس عشر والسابع عشر في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة (السبب cause) ويليهم المفعول به حسب الجدول أدناه زائدا
المصدر المجرد من الزيادة (ed, ing, to, s, es) أو صفة مع حذف (is) إن وجد .
ضمير الفاعل المفعول به ضمير الفاعل المفعول به ضمير الفاعل المفعول به ضمير الفاعل المفعول به
1-I أنا me 2-we نحن us 3-you أنت you 4-you انتم You
5-he هو him 6-she هي her 7-it لغير العاقل it 8-they هم Them
(8) تقع الروابط التالية في البداية أو الوسط قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب cause) . أما (النتيجة effect) فتقع في الشطر الآخر . والروابط هي :
(as, since, because, if)
(9) يقع الرابطان (so) و (such) بعد فعل جملة السبب في البداية فقط على أن تستبدل النقطة بـ (that) ثم جملة (النتيجة effect) .
(10) الرابطان (As a result, therefore) يقعان في الوسط دائما بعد جملة السبب وقبل جملة (النتيجة effect) .
(11) الرابط (because of) يقع قبل عبارة السبب في البداية أو الوسط أما الشطر الآخر فهو جملة (النتيجة effect) .
(12) الرابط (caused by) يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة النتيجة المتبوعة بـ (is) أو (was) ثم الرابط ثم عبارة (السبب cause) .
(13) الرابط (result from) يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة النتيجة وقبل عبارة (السبب cause) .
(14) الروابط الثلاثة التالية (result in, lead to, cause) تقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة (السبب cause) وقبل عبارة (النتيجة effect) .
(15) الروابط الثلاثة التالية (make, makes, made) تقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة السبب ثم المفعول به ثم المصدر المجرد أو الصفة .
(ج) روابط جمل (تعاقب الأزمنة Sequences) وعددها (8) روابط وكما يلي :-
1-after بعد 3-when عندما 5-as بينما 7-till حتى
2-as soon as حالما 4-while بينما 6-before قبل 8-until حتى
الملاحظات العامة :-
(1) الروابط الثلاثة الأولى تقع في الوسط أو البداية قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب cause) .
(2) الرابطان الرابع والخامس يقعان في الوسط أو البداية قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب) ويجب أن يكون الفعل (was) أو (were) زائدا أسم فاعل منته بـ (ing) .
(3) الرابط السادس (قبل before) يقع في الوسط أو البداية قبل جملة الحدث الثاني (النتيجة effect) .
(4) الرابطان السابع والثامن يقعان في الوسط فقط بعد جملة الحدث الأول وقبل جملة الحدث الثاني . يمكن أن يسبق هذين الرابطين فعل ناقص مثبت أو منفي مثل : (will, won’t, shall, shan’t, must, mustn’t) ، كما يمكن أن يسبقهما ما يدل على السبب مثل (البقاء stay) أو (المحاولة try) أو (التذكر remember) .
(د) روابط جمل (التناقض Contrast)وعددها (8) روابط وكما يلي :-
1-yet ومع هذا 3-however على كل حال 5-though ولو أن 7-in spite of بالرغم من
2-but لكن 4-although ولو أن 6-despite the fact that ولو أن 8-despite بالرغم من
الملاحظات العامة :-
(1) الروابط الثلاثة الأولى تقع في الوسط دائما بعد جملة الحدث الأول (السبب cause) وقبل جملة الحدث الثاني (النتيجة effect) .
(2) تقع الروابط الرابع والخامس والسادس في البداية أو الوسط قبل جملة الحدث الأول (السبب cause) .
(3) يقع الرابطان السابع والثامن في البداية أو الوسط قبل عبارة الحدث الأول (السبب cause) .
(هـ) (1) جدول بالروابط التي تقع قبل جمل السبب في بداية الجملة أو وسطها ما عدا الرابطين (12) و (13) حيث يقعان في البداية
1-though ولو أن 2-although ولو أن 3-despite the fact that ولو أن 4-when عندما
5-after بعد 6-as بينما 7-as soon as حالما 8-while بينما
9-as بما أن 10-since بما أن 11-because بسبب 12-such جدا .... that لدرجة
13-soجدا ........ that لدرجة 14-if اذا
(2) جدول بالروابط التي تقع في الوسط دائما بعد جمل السبب وقبل جمل النتيجة ما عدا الرابط (17) حيث يقعان في البداية أو الوسط
15-As a result كنتيجة 16-therefore لذلك 17-before قبل 18-till حتى
19-yet ومع هذا 20-but لكن 21-however على كل حال 22-until حتى
(3) جدول بالروابط التي تقع في البداية أو الوسط قبل عبارة السبب . أما الشطر الآخر فهو جملة النتيجة
23-because of بسبب 24-despite بالرغم من 25-in spite of بالرغم من
(4) جدول بالروابط التي تقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة السبب وقبل عبارة النتيجة. والشطران هما أسماء وليس جملا
26-lead to يؤدي إلى 27-result in يسفر عن 28-cause يسبب
(5) رابط يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة النتيجة وقبل عبارة السبب
29-result from ينتج من
(6) رابط يقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة النتيجة المتبوعة بفعل كينونة (is) أو (was) ثم الرابط ثم عبارة السبب
30-caused by سببه
(7) جدول بالروابط التي تقع في الوسط دائما بعد عبارة السبب ثم المفعول به ثم المصدر المجرد من الزيادة أو الصفة
31-make يجعلني 32-makes تجعلني 33-made جعلني
(8) جدول بالروابط التي تقع في الوسط دائما بعد جملة النتيجة وقبل جملة السبب الخالية من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to)
34-in order that لكي 35-so that لكي
(9) جدول بالروابط التي تقع في الوسط أو البداية بعد جملة النتيجة وقبل عبارة السبب
36-to لكي 37-not to لكي لا 38-in order to لكي 39-in order not to لكي لا
40-so as to لكي 41-so as not to لكي لا
(10) رابط يقع في الوسط دائما بعد جملة النتيجة وقبل عبارة السبب المنتهية (ing)
42-for لكي
(11) الرابطان الواقعان في البداية دائما والمتبوعان باسم تملك منته بفارزة عليا وحرف (s ) تملك أو ضمير تملك ثم أسم فاعل منتي بـ (ing) ثم (is to) إذا كان الزمن مضارعا أو (was to) إذا كان الزمن ماضيا
43-the purpose behind الغرض وراء 44-the purpose of الغرض من

Exercise:- Choose اختر the correct الصحيحة word الكلمة between بين brackets الأقواس :-
a-(After بعد , Before قبل , When عندما , Until حتى ) he died مات , he had had تناول poisonous ساما gas غازا .
b-(Until حتى , Before قبل , Till حتى , After بعد ) I had studied درست , I succeeded نجحت .
c-She will سوف stay تبقى here هنا (until حتى , because of بسبب , cause يسبب , result يؤدي in إلى ) I come اتي .
d-His success نجاحه (results ينتج from من , results يسفر in عن , cause يسبب , lead يؤدي to إلى) hard study.
e-The man (lose يضيع , lost أضاع , loss فقدان , loosen يرخي ) his book كتابه yesterday البارحة .
f-I am أنا (enable يقدر , capable قادر , able قادر , ability قدرة ) to help لمساعدة him.
i-Please من فضلك (lesson درس , lessen قلل , listen أصغ , less اقل ) to إلى the teacher now الآن .
j-Studentsالطلاب inفي Iraq are provided يزودون (forلأجل , with بـ , at للساعات , into باتجاه )books freely مجانا .
k-Portia watched راقبت Bassanio (chooseيختار , chose اختار , chosen مختار , choice اختيار ) the right casket.
l -If إذا Antonioانطونيو (is, are, was, were)to pay يدفع the penaltyالغرامة , you wouldn’tسوف لن takeتأخذ fleshاللحم .
أسئلة وأجوبة بموضوع ربط الجمل مع الترجمة والحل :
Join أربط each pair of the following sentences using the prompt between brackets:
1-They built بنوا dams السدود . They stored خزنوا water الماء . (Purpose الغرض : Use: for)
-They built dams for storing water.
2-The problem المشكلة was very complicated معقدة . Ali couldn’t solve it حلها . (Cause and Effect: Use: so .. that)
-The problem was so جد complicated that لدرجة Ali couldn’t لم يستطع solve it حلها .
3-Launcelot decided قرر to join الالتحاق Bassanio. Bassanio was كان poor فقيرا . (Contrast: even though ولو أن)
-Launcelot decided to join Bassanio even though Bassanio was poor.
4-Printing الطباعة was introduced. Two kinds of script began to appear in most alphabets. (Sequence: Use: when)
-When عندما printing الطباعة was introduced ظهرت , two kinds of script began to appear in most alphabets.
5-The price السعر was كان high عاليا . We couldn’t buy the house. (Cause سبب and Effect : Use: because of)
-Because of بسبب the high price, we couldn’t لم نستطع buy شراء the house البيت .
6-Joe is 30 years old عمره . John is 50 years old. (Difference اختلاف : Use: differ يختلف )
-Joe differs from John in في being كونه 30 years old عمره . or -Joe differs from Ali in في age العمر .
7-Shaylock had refused رفض to show mercy الرحمة to Antonio. The Duke الدوق pardoned عفا him عنه and gave him back وارجع له his life حياته . (Contrast تناقض . Use: however على كل حال )
-Shylock had refused to show mercy to Antonio; however, the Duke pardoned him.
8-The policeman dressed up as a worker. He did not لم want يرغب to be recognized. (Purpose. Use: in order to)
-The policeman الشرطي dressed up ارتدى as a worker كعامل in order لكي not لا to be recognized يميز .
9-It’ll soon قريبا get dark تظلم . They’ll get يكونوا home before قبل that ذلك . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use: before)
-It’ll soon get dark before قبل they get home.
10-Sali was very beautiful جميلة . Many men wanted to marry her. (Cause and effect. Use: as a result كنتيجة )
- Sali was very beautiful. As a result many كثيرون men رجال wanted أرادوا to marry الزواج her منها .
11-Basrah البصرة was rebuilt عمرت in في a record قياسي time وقت . Fao was rebuilt in a record time. (Use: both)
-Both كلا Basrah and و Fao were rebuilt in a record time.
12-The rain المطر is going to سوف stop يتوقف . You’ll سوف go out تخرج . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use: when عندما )
-When the rain is going to stop, you’ll go out. Or -When the rain stops, you’ll go out.
13-Launcelot went backرجع toإلى Shylock’s houseبيت . He wanted to say good-bye to him.(Purpose. Use: so as)
-Launcelot went back to Shylock’s house so as to say يقول good-bye وداعا to him له .
14-We had قضينا a picnic رحلة yesterday البارحة . It began بدأت to rain تمطر . (Sequence: while)
-While بينما we were كنا having نقضي a picnic yesterday, it began to rain.
15-Ahmed became أصبح famous and held important positions. He remained humble.
-Though Ahmed became famous مشهورا and held تقلد important مهمة positionsمناصبا , he remained humble.
16-Zeki went ذهب to إلى hospital المستشفى . He hoped أمل to في see رؤية his sick friend (the purpose of)
-The purpose of من Zeki’s going ذهاب to hospital was كان to لكي see يرى his sick المريض friend.
17-The suitcase حقيبة السفر is very heavy. Nada can not لا carry it. (Cause and Effect. Use: so .. that)
-The suitcase is so جد heavy ثقيلة that لدرجة Nada can not carry it حملها .
18-My watch ساعتي is هي square مربعة . Your watch ساعتك is round دائرية (Difference اختلاف . Use: unlike لا تشبه )
-My watch, unlike your watch, is square مربعة .
19-It will سوف get dark تظلم . The children الأطفال will سوف play يلعبون football كرة قدم . (Sequence. Use: unti1)
-The children will play football until حتى it gets dark.
20- The teacher raised رفع his voice صوته . He wanted all the pupils to hear him. (Purpose. Use: so that )
-The teacher raised his voice so that لكي all كل the pupils الطلاب could بإمكانهم hear him سماعه .
21-The pupils التلاميذ did أجابوا well. The examination was difficult. (Contrast تناقض . Use استعمل : despite)
-The pupils did well despite بالرغم من the difficult الصعب examination الامتحان .
22-The weather الطقس is هو cold بارد . He shivers يرتجف . (Cause and Effect. Use : make يجعل )
-The cold البارد weather الطقس makes him يجعله shiver يرتجف .
23- He sent them لهم a telegram برقية . He told them أخبرهم of عن his arrival. (Purpose. Use: the purpose of)
-The purpose الغرض of من his sending إرساله them لهم a telegram برقية was كان to tell them of his arrival.
24-He had حدث له a puncture ثـقبا in في one إحدى of the tyres of his car. He drove home. (Sequence. Use: as)
-He had a puncture in one of the tyres إطارات of his car سيارته as بينما he was كان driving يقودها homeنحو البيت .
25- She did أجابت her homework واجبها ألبيتي . The light الضوء went out. (Sequence: while)
-While بينما she was كانت doing تقوم her homework, the light went out انطفأ .
26- I stayed مكثت a little قليلا longer أطول . I hoped أملت to أن talk أتكلم to her معها . (the purpose of )
-The purpose الغرض of من my staying مكوثي a little longer was كان to لكي talk to her.
27 - There هناك was كان a sudden change of weather. He had a cold. (Cause and Effect: Use: because of )
-Because of بسبب a sudden المفاجئ change التغير of weather للطقس , he had أصيب a cold بالبرد.
28- The pupils الطلاب did أجابوا well بصورة جيدة . The examination was difficult. (Contrast. Use : despite)
-The pupils did well despite بالرغم من the difficult الصعب examination الامتحان .
29- Muhanad has got حصل 90 marks درجة at English. Mustafa has got 60. (Similarity تشابه : use: than من )
- Muhanad has got more أكثر marks درجات at في English اللغة الانكليزية than من Mustafa.
30-I buy اشتري a car سيارة . I have احصل على a driving قيادة السيارة licence رخصة . (Sequence. Use: as soon as)
-I’ll buy a car as soon as حالما I have a driving license.
31-He will سوف finish ينهي his work عمله . Then ثم he will leave. (Sequence. Use: after بعد )
-After بعد أن he finishes ينهي his work عمله , he will سوف leave يغادر .
32-This هذا bag الكيس of من sugar السكر weighs 40 kilos. That bag sugar weighs 40 kilos.(Similarity. Use: both)
-Both كلا this bag of sugar and و that ذلك bag الكيس of من sugar weigh يزنان 40 kilos كيلو .
33-Jack is a very hard working clerk. He is going to be made a director. (Cause and effect. Use: such .. that)
-Jack is such جدا a hard بجد working عامل clerk كاتب that لدرجة he is going toسوف be madeيصبح a director.
34-He studied درس hard بجد . He wanted أراد to أن get يحصل high عالية marks. (Purpose. Use: the purpose of)
-The purposeالغرض of من his studying دراسته hard بجد was كان to لكي get يحصل على high عالية marks.
35-We went out خرجنا for a walk للنزهة . There هناك was كان heavy غزير rain مطر . (Contrast. Use: in spite of)
-We went out for a walk in spite بالرغم of من heavy rain.
36-Shylock was كان waiting ينتظر for a chance فرصة . Revenge himself upon Antonio. (Purpose. Use: so that)
-Shylock شايلوك was waiting for a chance so that he could revenge ينتقم himself لنفسه upon Antonio .
37-He borrowed استعار a camera كاميرا . Ali علي took التقط some بعض pictures الصور . (Purpose الغرض . Use: for)
-Ali borrowed a camera for taking لالتقاط some pictures.
38-Layla will سوف go تذهب to إلى Basra. She will سوف see ترى her friends صديقاتها . (Cause and Effect. Use: if)
-If إذا Layla goes تذهب to Basra, she will سوف see her friends.
39-They decided قرروا to travel السفر . The weather الطقس was كان very جدا bad رديئا . (Contrast. Use : despite)
-They decided to travel despite بالرغم من the very جدا bad السيئ weather الطقس . (
40-Sam came جاء late متأخرا . There هناك was كان a heavy كثيف traffic مرور . (Cause and Effect. Use because of )
-Sam came late because بسبب of a heavy الكثيف traffic المرور .
41-He rode ركب على his bicycle دراجته . Ahmed met التقى his father أباه . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use : while بينما )
-While بينما Ahmed was كان riding راكبا على his bicycle دراجته , he met التقى his father أباه .
42-He braked توقف suddenly فجأة . He hit دهس a child طفلا . (Purpose الغرض . Use استعمل : in order that لكي )
-He braked suddenly in order that لكي he could يتمكن not لا hit يدهس a child الطفل .
43- As the baby was crying. The nurse hurried to him. (Cause and effect. Use: 'as'
- As the baby was crying, the nurse hurried to him.
امتحان بموضوع ربط الجمل مع الترجمة :
أسئلة بدون حل
Join أربط each pair of the following sentences using the prompt between brackets:
1-They built بنوا dams السدود . They stored خزنوا water الماء . (Purpose الغرض : Use: for)
-
2-The problem المشكلة was very complicated معقدة . Ali couldn’t solve it حلها . (Cause and Effect: Use: so .. that)
-
3-Launcelot decided قرر to join الالتحاق Bassanio. Bassanio was كان poor فقيرا . (Contrast: even though ولو أن)
-
4-Printing الطباعة was introduced. Two kinds of script began to appear in most alphabets. (Sequence: Use: when)
-
5-The price السعر was كان high عاليا . We couldn’t buy the house. (Cause سبب and Effect نتيجة : Use: because of)
-
6-Zeki is 30 years old عمره . Ali is 50 years old. (Difference اختلاف : Use: differ يختلف )
-
7-Shaylock had refused رفض to show mercy الرحمة to Antonio. The Duke الدوق pardoned عفا him عنه and gave him back وارجع له his life حياته . (Contrast تناقض . Use: however على كل حال )
-
8-The policeman dressed up as a worker. He did not لم want يرغب to be recognized. (Purpose. Use: in order to)
-
9-It’ll soon قريبا get dark تظلم . They’ll get يكونوا home before قبل that ذلك . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use: before)
-
10-Layla was very beautiful جميلة . Many men wanted to marry her. (Cause and effect. Use: as a result كنتيجة )
-
11-Basrah البصرة was rebuilt عمرت in في a record قياسي time وقت . Fao was rebuilt in a record time. (Use: both)
-
12-The rain المطر is going to سوف stop يتوقف . You’ll سوف go out تخرج . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use: when عندما )
-
13-Launcelot went backرجع toإلى Shylock’s houseبيت . He wanted to say good-bye to him.(Purpose. Use: so as)
-
14-We had قضينا a picnic رحلة yesterday البارحة . It began بدأت to rain تمطر . (Sequence: while)
-
15-Ahmed became أصبح famous and held important positions. He remained humble. (Contrast. Use: though)
-
16-Zeki went ذهب to إلى hospital المستشفى . He hoped أمل to في see رؤية his sick friend (the purpose of)
-
17-The suitcase حقيبة السفر is very heavy ثقيلة . Nada can تستطيع not لا carry it. (Cause and Effect. Use: so .. that)
-
18-My watch ساعتي is هي square مربعة . Your watch ساعتك is round دائرية (Difference اختلاف . Use: unlike لا تشبه )
-
19-It will سوف get dark تظلم . The children الأطفال will سوف play يلعبون football كرة قدم . (Sequence. Use: unti1)
-
20- The teacher raised رفع his voice صوته . He wanted all the pupils to hear him. (Purpose. Use: so that )
-
21-The pupils التلاميذ did أجابوا well. The examination was difficult. (Contrast تناقض . Use استعمل : despite)
-
22-The weather الطقس is هو cold بارد . He shivers يرتجف . (Cause and Effect. Use : make يجعل )
-
23- He sent أرسل them لهم a telegram برقية . He told them أخبرهم of عن his arrival. (Purpose. Use: the purpose of)
-
24-He had حدث له a puncture ثـقبا in في one إحدى of the tyres of his car. He drove home. (Sequence. Use: as)
-
25- She did أجابت her homework واجبها ألبيتي . The light الضوء went out. (Sequence: while)
-
26- I stayed مكثت a little قليلا longer أطول . I hoped أملت to أن talk أتكلم to her معها . (the purpose of )
-
27 - There هناك was كان a sudden change of weather. He had a cold. (Cause and Effect: Use: because of )
-
28- The pupils الطلاب did أجابوا well بصورة جيدة . The examination was difficult. (Contrast. Use : despite)
-
29-Muhanad has got حصل 90 marks درجة at English. Mustafa has got 60. (Similarity تشابه : use: than من )
-
30-I buy اشتري a car سيارة . I have احصل على a driving قيادة السيارة licence رخصة . (Sequence. Use: as soon as)
-
31-He will سوف finish ينهي his work عمله . Then ثم he will leave. (Sequence. Use: after بعد )
-
32-This هذا bag الكيس of من sugar السكر weighs 40 kilos. That bag sugar weighs 40 kilos.(Similarity. Use: both)
-
33-Ameer is a very hard working clerk. He is going to be made a director. (Cause and effect. Use: such .. that)
-
34-He studied درس hard بجد . He wanted أراد to أن get يحصل high عالية marks. (Purpose. Use: the purpose of)
-
35-We went out خرجنا for a walk للنزهة . There هناك was كان heavy غزير rain مطر . (Contrast. Use: in spite of)
-
36-Shylock was كان waiting ينتظر for a chance فرصة . Revenge himself upon Antonio. (Purpose. Use: so that)
-
37-He borrowed استعار a camera كاميرا . Ali علي took التقط some بعض pictures الصور . (Purpose الغرض . Use: for)
-
38-Layla will سوف go تذهب to إلى Basrah. She will سوف see ترى her friends صديقاتها . (Cause and Effect. Use: if)
-
39-They decided قرروا to travel السفر . The weather الطقس was كان very جدا bad رديئا . (Contrast. Use : despite)
-
40-Sarmad came جاء late متأخرا . There هناك was كان a heavy كثيف traffic مرور . (Cause and Effect. Use because of )
-
41-He rode ركب على his bicycle دراجته . Ahmed met التقى his father أباه . (Sequence تعاقب زمن . Use : while بينما )
-
42-He braked توقف suddenly فجأة . He hit دهس a child طفلا . (Purpose الغرض . Use استعمل : in order that لكي )
-
مراجعة عامة ثانية بروابط الجمل
Exercise (1) / Join each pair of the following sentences using the prompts between brackets :
1.Martin took أخذ the bus الحافلة . He didn’t لم want to يرغب be يكون late.
(Purposeالغرض. Use:in order that)
-Martin took the bus in order that he couldn’t be late متأخرا .
2.Sue visited زارت her aunt عمتها . She wished to thank her for the gift.
(Purpose. Use : the purpose behind( الغرض وراء
-The purpose behind Sue’s visiting her aunt was to thank her for the gift.
3.My father drives slowly ببطء . He does not want to make يقوم an accident بحادثة . (so as to )
-My father drives slowly so as not to لكي لا make an accident.
4.Tom left early . He intended عزم to attend the meeting. ( Purpose. Use : the purpose of )
-The purpose of Tom’s leaving early was to attend the meeting .
5.He saves يدخر money النقود . He intends يعتزم to buy a car. ( so as )
-He saves money so as to لكي buy a car.
6.They used استعملوا a lorry الشاحنة. They carried حملوا the furniture الأثاث . (for)
-They used استعملوا a lorry الشاحنة for لغرض carrying حمل the furniture الأثاث .
7.He went ذهب to إلى the dentist’s . He wanted to have his bad tooth pulled out. (so that )
-He went to the dentist’s so that he could have his bad tooth pulled out يخلع .
* 8.He took أخذ some بعض aspirin الأسبرين because he لأنه wanted to get rid of يتخلص من
the headache. الجمل 8/9/30/31/32/33/34/35/ 36 المطلوب استبدال رابط برابط كما في
-He took some aspirin so that he could get rid يتخلص of من the headache الصداع .
* 9.He wants يرغب to be يصبح pilot طيارا to لكي defend his country.
-He wants to be a pilot so that لكي he can يستطيع defend يدافع his country وطنه .
10.He walked سار very carefully. He was afraid to drop the cup. (Purpose. Use : so as not to )
-He walked سار very جدا carefully بعناية so as لكي not to لا drop يوقع the cup الكوب .
11.Why لماذا did you brake توقفت suddenly فجأة ? ( hit that child )
a - So as لكي not to لا hit ادهس that ذلك child الطفل . يدل الفعل ( يفوته )على النفي
b - I braked suddenly so as not to hit that child.
12.He goes to hospital. He is afraid of catching cancer. ( so that )
-He goes يذهب to إلى hospital المستشفى so that لكي he can not لا catch يصاب cancer بالسرطان .
13.Jack studied درس hard بجد . He avoided تجنب failing الرسوب in في the exam . ( so that )
-Jack studied hard so that he could not لم fail يفشل in في the exam الامتحان .
14.David goes to school early مبكرا . He avoids يتجنب being lateالتأخير . (in order that)
-David goes to إلى school المدرسة early in order that لكي he can not لا be يكون late متأخرا .
15.Peter studied day and night ليلا . He wished his family to be pleased مسرورة . (so that)
-Peter studied day and night so that لكي his family عائلته could be تكون pleased.
16.Dick got full كاملة marks . The teacher praised him. (Purpose. Use : for)
-The teacher praised مدح Dick for getting لحصوله full كاملة marks درجات .
17.Explain اشرح the purpose of your going to إلى the post البريد office . ( Use : to )
-I went ذهبت to إلى the post البريد office دائرة to لكي post أرسل the letter الرسالة .
18.Susan left early. She wanted أرادت to catch أخذ the last الأخيرة bus الحافلة . ( Purpose الغرض )

- Susan left early to catch the last bus.
19.Shylock wasكان waiting for a chance .(revenge ينتقم himself upon Antonio انطونيو) (to)
-Shylock was waiting for a chance to revenge himself upon Antonio.
20.He is هو taking a taxi. ( miss يفوته the 9 o’clock train قطار ). (Purpose الغرض . Use : so as)
-He is taking a taxi so as لكي not to لا miss the 9 o’clock train.
21.We meet نلتقي every كل Thursday . We go over نراجع the week’s work عمل . ( in order to )
-We meet every Thursday in order to go over the week’s work.
22.Antonio and Bassanio decided to go to Shylock. They wanted to borrow 3000 ducats. ( in order to )
-Antonio and Bassanio decided to go to Shylock in order to borrow 3000 ducats دوقية .
23.Sali needed a knife. She intended عزمت to cut لقطع the meat اللحم . ( Purpose. Use : for )
-Sail needed احتاجت a knife سكينا for cutting قطع the meat اللحم .
24.He braked suddenly. Thomas didn’t wish to hit the blind man. ( Purpose. Use : so that )
-Tomas braked توقف suddenly فجأة so that he couldn’t hit يدهس the blind man .
25.Paul runs fast. He wants to catch the bus. ( Purpose. Use : the purpose of )
-The purpose of من Paul’s running ركض fast بسرعة is هو to لكي catch يأخذ the bus الحافلة .
26.Launcelot went back to Shylock’s house. He wanted to say good-bye to him. ( in order to )
-Launcelot went back رجع to إلى Shylock’s house in order to say good-bye to him يودعه .
27.Antonio waited انتظر at في the harbour . He wished تمنى to see Bassanio off . (Purpose)
-Antonio انطونيو waited at the harbour الميناء to لكي see Bassanio off يودع .
28.You want to draw out money for yourself. You must write تكتب “ self لأمري “ or أو
“ cash نقدا “ on على the cheque الشيك . ( to )
- You must write “ self “or “ cash “on the cheque الشيك to draw out money for yourself.
29.Why لماذا is Addison running يركض ? (miss يفوته the first الأول lesson الدرس )
(Purpose الغرض . Use : so as لكي ) نفس الملاحظة السابعة
-So as not to miss يفوته the first الأول lesson الدرس .
30. Tom studies hard to لكي be a translator مترجم . (Purpose الغرض . Use استعمل : so that لكي )
Tom studies hard so that لكي he can be a translator مترجما .
31. Martin works day and night in order to لكي be famous. ( for لكي )
Martin works day and night for being famous مشهورا .
32. The purpose of Bill's reading well is to be the be the first.(Purpose. Use: in order that)
Bill reads يقرأ well بصورة جيدة in order that لكي he can be يصبح the first الأول.
33. The old المسن man’llسوف take an umbrella with him معه so as not to get wet . (so that)
The old man’ll take an umbrella شمسية with him so that he can not لكي لا get wet يبتل .
34. Carl works very hard in order to لكي be a merchant تاجرا . ( in order that لكي )
Carl works very hard in order that لكي he can be a merchant تاجرا .
35. The purpose behind الغرض وراء Jill's writing well is to be outstanding .(Purpose. Use: for)
Jill writes well بصورة جيدة for لكي being تصبح outstanding متميزة .
36. The purpose of الغرض من James's drinking water is to be healthy .(Purpose. Use: so as)
James drinks water so as to be healthy ذا صحة .
37- Ahmed will visit them. First, he will finish his work.(Sequence. Use: before)
Before Ahmed visits them, he will finish his work.
38-The signal was red. She stopped suddenly. (cause and effect. Use: make)
The red signal made her stop suddenly.
39-Her behaviour was bad. Nobody liked her. (cause and effect: because of)
Because of her bad behaviour , nobody liked her.
40- She stayed a little longer. She hoped to talk to him. (the purpose of)
The purpose of her staying a little longer was to talk to him.
41-Zena is 28 years old. Hiba is 17 years old. (Difference. Use: differ)
Zena differs from Hiba in being 28 years old. Or – in age.
42- They went out for a walk. There was heavy rain. (contrast. Use: in spite of)
They went out for a walk in spite of the heavy rain.
43. Bassanio went to Belmont. He wanted to try his luck. (Purpose. Use: the purpose of)
The purpose of Bassanio's going to Belmont was to try his luck.
44. He is a very hard working clerk. He is going to be made a director. (Causeسبب and effect\ . Use: such….that)
He is such a hard working clerk that he is going to be made a director.
45. I tried to do my homework last night. Suddenly the light went out. (Sequence تعقب زمن ….while)
While I was trying to do my homework, suddenly the light went out.
46. He has a bad fever. Ali refuses to call the doctor. (Contrast تناقض …. though ولو أن )
Though Ali has a bad fever, he refuses to call the doctor.
47. Why had Portia's father devised the lottery plan ?(help her choose the right husband)(so as)
Portia's father had devised the lottery plan so as to help her choose the right husband 48. Ali weighs 50 kilos. Ahmed weighs 70 kilos. (Difference…………...as compared with)
Ali, as compared with Ahmed, weighs 50 kilos.
49- The weather was hot. I took off my coat. (Cause and Effect Use: make)
The hot weather made me take off my coat. (6) يقع الرابط بعد عبارة السبب ويليه مفعول به زائدا مصدر مجرد
50- Helen has got 80 marks at Arabic. Aseel has got 60 marks at Arabic. Difference Use: than).
Helen has got more marks at Arabic than Aseel.يقع الرابط في الوسط بعد العدد الأكبر .
51- I buy a car. I have a driving license before that. ( Sequence use: before قبل )
Before I buy a car, I have a driving license. الرابط يعتمد على المعنى ويقع قبل الحدث الثاني مع حذف الزمن .
52- She sent them a postcard. She invited them to her birthday party. ( Purpose use: the purpose behind)
The purpose behind her sending them a postcard was to invite them to her party.
53- The problem was very difficult. Ahmed couldn't solve it. ( Cause and Effect use: so……that)
The problem was so difficult that Ahmed couldn't solve it يحلها .
54- She drove very fast. There was a speed limit on the road. ( Contrast تناقض use: despite)
She drove very fast despite a speed limit on the road.
55- The driver swerved suddenly. He didn't want to run into a tree. (Purpose: use so as)
- The driver swerved suddenly so as not to run into a tree.
56- They enjoyed themselves. The weather was very hot. (Contrast use: however) .
- The weather was very hot; however, they enjoyed themselves.
57- He will not resign. Hameed will receive a rise, (Cause and Effect use: if)
- Hameed will not resign if he receives a rise.
58- I went to the bus-stop and waited. Noor came by. (Sequence use: while)
- While I was going to the bus-stop and waiting, Noor came by.
59- The case was urgent I had to see my lawyer. (Cause and Effect use: make)
- The urgent case made me see my lawyer.
60- Sam left early. He hoped to arrive his office in time. (Purpose use: the purpose of)
- The purpose of Sam's leaving early was to arrive his office in time.
61- Amy will arrive. I'm going to ring you. ( Sequenceتعاقب زمن ) (when)
When Amy arrives, I'm going to ring you سوف أتصل بك هاتفيا .
يقع الرابط في البداية قبل الحدث الأول ، ويحذف الفعل الناقص مع إضافة الحرف (s) الشخص الثالث المفرد الغائب .
62- Heavy smoking. Lung cancer. (Cause سببand Effect) (caused by سببه)
Lung الرئةcancer سرطان is caused by سببهheavy الكثيف smoking التدخين .
يتكون الجواب من عبارة النتيجة وفعل كينونة ورابط ثم عبارة السبب الخالية من الفاعل والفعل .
63- The road was unpaved. Majid was unable to drive fast. (Cause and Effect) (make)
The unpaved غير المبلط road made Majid unable to drive fast.
يتكون الجواب من عبارة السبب ثم الرابط في الزمن الماضي ثم المفعول به ثم الصفة والتكملة .
64- He aimed سعى to إلىtie ربط the ox الثور . The peasant needed a rope حبلا . (Purpose) (for) (2)
The peasant الفلاح needed a rope for tying the ox.
يتكون الجواب من الشطر الثاني الخالي من أفعال الرغبة وحرف الجر (to) ثم الرابط ثم اسم فاعل منته بالمقطع(ing) .
65- The mechanic tried to start the machine. He failed. ( Contrast التناقض ) (in spite of) (12)
In spite of بالرغم من the mechanic's trying to start the machine, he failed فشل .
يتكون الجواب من الرابط ثم الشطر الأول الذي يتحول إلى عبارة ، وهو سبب ثم الفارزة ثم الشطر الثاني (النتيجة) .
66- She visited Iraq. Sarah determined قررت to see the ruins. (Purpose الغرض ) (so that) (2)
Sarah visited Iraq so that she could see the ruins الخرائب .
يتكون الجواب من الشطر الأول الخالي من فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر ، ثم الرابط ثم الشطر الثاني بعد حذف فعل الرغبة وحرف الجر .
67. I don't want to keep you waiting. I'll have every thing ready. Purpose. Use: so that.
I'll have every thing ready so that I can't keep you waiting.
68. My sister went to the bookshop. She decided to get some new references. Purpose. Use: the purpose of
The purpose of my sister's going to the bookshop was to get some new references.
69. He is idle كسول . Amjed never succeeds in the exams. Cause and effect. Use: because of
Because of his being idle , Amjed never succeeds in the exams.
70. The policeman caught him. The driver was careless. Cause and effect. Use: as a result
The driver السائق was careless مهملا . As a result كنتيجة the policeman caught قبض him عليه .
71. The train القطار moved towards the station. Many men suddenly jumped out. Sequence. Use: while
While the train was moving towards نحو the station المحطة , many men suddenly فجأة jumped out.
72. There has been rain. The ground is still dry. Contrast تناقض : Use: however على كل حال
There has been rain المطر ; however, the ground الأرض is still لا تزال dry جافة .
73. The programme will end at 10 o'clock. Then, he will come. (Sequence use: as soon as)
As soon as حالما the programme ends, he will come.
74. Suha will find the key. She will look for it carefully. (Cause and effect use : if)
Suha will find the key المفتاح if she looks تبحث for it عنها carefully بعناية .
75. Hamid intended to finish writing the report. He stayed up all night. (purpose use: so that)
Hamid stayed up سهر all night so that he could finish writing the report.
76. She couldn't solve the problem. Trying her best. (Contrast use: in spite of)
She couldn't solve the problem in spite of بالرغم من trying her best.
77. The music is soft رقيقة . I dream احلم : (cause and effect use: make)
The soft music makes me dream. طريقة الحل : الفاعل ثم الرابط ثم المفعول به ثم المصدر المجرد .
78. David plays tennis well. Ann plays tennis well too. (Similarity use: both)
Both David and Ann play tennis well بصورة جيدة
79. I switched on the television and watched a film. I fell asleep. (Sequence: While)
While I was switching on the television and watching a film, I fell asleep.
80. You don't get enough sleep. You don't be able to stay awake in class.
(Cause and effect: If)
If you don't get enough sleep, you won't be able to stay awake in class.
81. Ali obeys his mother. He doesn't want her to be angry with him. (Purpose: so that)
Ali obeys his mother so that she can't be angry with him. ابتعد فعل الرغبة عن حرف الجر
82. He got the job. His qualifications are excellent رائعة . (Cause and effect: because of)
He got حصل على the job العمل because of his excellent الرائعة qualifications مؤهلاته .
83. We live in the same street. We hardly see each other. (Contrast: in spite of بالرغم من )
In spite of living in the same street, we hardly قلماsee each other أحدهما الآخر .
84. The princess's skin was white. Snow is white. (Similarity: as…….as)
The princess's الأمير skin جلد was كان as white أبيض as مثل snow الثلج .
Exercise:- Choose اختر the correct الصحيحة word الكلمة between بين brackets الأقواس :-
1-(After بعد , Before قبل , When عندما , Until حتى ) he died مات , he had had تناول poisonous ساما gas غازا .
2-(Until حتى , Before قبل , Till حتى , After بعد ) I had studied درست , I succeeded نجحت .
3-She will سوف stay تبقى here هنا (until حتى , because of بسبب , cause يسبب , result يؤدي in إلى ) I come أتي .
4-His success نجاحه (results ينتج from من , results يسفر in عن , cause يسبب , lead يؤدي to إلى) hard study.
5-The man (lose يضيع , lost أضاع , loss فقدان , loosen يرخي ) his book كتابه yesterday البارحة .
6-I am أنا (enable يقدر , capable قادر , able قادر , ability قدرة ) to help لمساعدة him.
7-Please من فضلك (lesson درس , lessen قلل , listen أصغ , less اقل ) to إلى the teacher now الآن .
8-Studentsالطلاب inفي Iraq are provided يزودون (forلأجل , with بـ , at للساعات , into باتجاه )books freely مجانا .
9-Portia watched راقبت Bassanio (chooseيختار , chose اختار , chosen مختار , choice اختيار ) the right casket.
10 -If إذا Antonio (is, are, was, were)to pay يدفع the penaltyالغرامة , you wouldn’tسوف لن takeتأخذ fleshاللحم .
11-Lack النقص of في planning التخطيط ( a. cause b. leads to c. result in ) failure الفشل .
12-Too جدا much كثير work عمل leads يؤدي to إلى ( a. illness b. ill c. sick d. well ).
13-Traffic المرور jam ازدحام is هو ( a. causing b. caused c. cause d. causes ) by سببه
bad رديئة driving سياقه .
14-If إذا all كل شيء ( a. go b. goes c. to go d. going ) according طبقا to the plan للخطة ,
by في the time الوقت you return تعود , you’ll سوف have lost تكون خسرت a
daughter ابنة .
15-Working العمل hard بجد (a. cause b. leads c. result from d. results in) success النجاح .
16-Too جدا much كثير lack نقص of في rain المطر leads تؤدي to إلى
( a. drought b. ill c. raincoat d. umbrella )
17-Germs can be killed قتلها by applying بتسليط (a. liquid b. heat c. fermentation)
to علىthe liquid السائل.



  • ملف العضو
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قحطان الخطيب
عضو متميز
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قحطان الخطيب
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رد: الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء العاشر
03-07-2016, 02:06 PM
الاصطلاحات الأساسية في اللغة الانكليزية / الجزء العاشر
تأليف وترجمة واقتياس: قحطــان فؤاد الخطيب / العراق
(80 مصطلحا لكلمة ""time)

(80 idioms with the word "time")
xcerpted from the Internet / DailyWritingTips
Adapted, translated and commented by Qahtan F. Al-Khatib

بالنظر إلى أن الوقت هو، من هذا القبيل، عنصر حاسم في حياتنا، إلا إنه ليس من المستغرب أن كلمة الوقت يجب أن تصل محصلتها، في كثير من الأحيان، باللغة الإنجليزية، إلى الاستخدام الاصطلاحي. وفيما يلي قائمة بالعبارات التي تشير مباشرة إلى الوقت.
Considering that time is such a critical element in our lives, it’s no surprise that the word time should crop up so often in English idiomatic usage. Here’s a list of phrases that refer directly to time.

s. Words and explanationsالكلمات والشروح Translation الترجمة
1 a devil of a time: said of an ordeal شيطان الوقت: تقال أثناء محنة
2 a legend in one’s own time: one who gains renown within his or her lifetime (also inspired "a legend in (one’s) own mind," referring to an egotistical person who believes himself or herself to be more significant than he or she actually is) أسطورة في وقت الشخص الخاص: الشخص الذي يكسب شهرة في حياته، أو حياتها (مستوحاة أيضا من "أسطورة في عقل (المرء)الخاص" في إشارة إلى شخص مغرور, الذي يعتقد نفسه أو نفسها أنه أكثر أهمية مما هو أو هي في الواقع)
3-4 a matter/question of time: said in reference to a state that will soon change مسألة / مسألة وقت: تقال في إشارة إلى حالة، التي من شأنها أن تتغير قريبا
5 a rare old time: an enjoyable experience من الزمن القديم النادر: تجربة ممتعة
6 a race against time: said of trying to accomplish something critical in a short time frame سباق ضد الزمن: تقال أثناء محاولة تحقيق شيء بالغ الأهمية في إطار فترة زمنية قصيرة
7 a stitch in time: the first half of a proverb (ending with "saves nine" and with an obscure origin) that refers to the wisdom of taking precaution مقدار صغير في الوقت: النصف الأول من المثل (ينتهي مع "ينقذ تسعة" ، ومع أصل غامض)، الذي يشير إلى الحكمة من اتخاذ الحذر
8 a whale of a (good) time: an especially exciting or fun experience حوت من الوقت (الجيد): تجربة خاصة مثيرة أو ممتعة
9 ahead of time: before the agreed time في طليعة الوقت: قبل الوقت المتفق عليه
10 ahead of (one’s) time: said of someone or something that has an innovative approach or style or one that the world is not ready for في طليعة وقت (الشخص): تقال عن شخص ما أو شيء ما، الذي له نهج مبتكر، أو أسلوب، أو أن العالم ليس مستعدا له
11 all in good time: an expression that encourages patience كل ما في الوقت الجيد: التعبير، الذي يشجع على الصبر
12 all the time in the world: an unlimited amount of time كل الوقت في العالم: كمية غير محدودة من الوقت

13 all the time: in addition to referring to habitual or continuous occurrence, can refer to knowing about something throughout a given period طول الوقت: بالإضافة إلى الإشارة إلى الحدث المعتاد أو المستمر، يمكن أن يشير إلى المعرفة عن شيء ما طوال فترة معينة
14 at a set time: at the agreed time في وقت محدد: في الوقت المتفق عليه
15 at all times: always في كل الأوقات: دائما
16 at no time: never ليس في أي وقت من الأوقات: أبدا
17 at the appointed time: at the agreed time في الوقت المحدد: في وقت متفق عليه
18 bad time: an inconvenient moment or an unfortunate experience وقت سيء: لحظة غير مناسبة، أو تجربة مؤسفة
19 before (one’s) time: said of something that existed or occurred before one was born or when one was too young to recall that thing, or said in reference to someone’s unexpectedly early death قبل وقت (الشخص): تقال لشيء ما، الذي تواجد أو حدث قبل ولادة الشخص، أو عندما كان صغيرا جدا ليتذكر ذلك الشيء، أو تقال في إشارة إلى وفاة شخص ما في وقت مبكر بشكل غير متوقع
20-21 behind its time/the times: late, not keeping up, or obsolete وراء وقته / أوقاته: في وقت متأخر، غير مواكب، أو مهجور
22. bide (one’s) time: be patient يتحمل وقت (الشخص): يتحلى بالصبر
23 big-time operator: someone who is or thinks he or she is important or influential مشغل الوقت الكبير: شخص ما، الذي هو، أو الذي يظن بأنه أو بأنها مهم أو مؤثر
24 big-time spender: one who spends a lot of money, or said ironically about a frugal person منفق الوقت الكبير: الشخص، الذي ينفق الكثير من المال، أو تقال بسخرية عن شخص مقتصد
25 borrowed time: an uncertain amount of time, at the end of which something will no longer exist or occur الوقت المستعار: مبلغ غير مؤكد من الزمن، في نهايته، الذي شيء ما سوف لن يعد يوجد أو أن يحدث
26 buy time: postpone an event for one’s advantage يشتري الوقت: يؤجل حدثا لفائدة شخص
27 by the time: said in reference to a time after something else has occurred بحلول الوقت: تقال في إشارة إلى وقت، بعد وقوع شيء آخر
28 caught in a time warp: unchanged in an antiquated or obsolete way واقعة في حقبة زمنية: لم تتغير بطريقة عتيقة أو عفا عليها الزمن
29 crunch time: a critical period الوقت ألمسحوق: فترة حرجة
30 face time: time spent in someone else’s company وقت الموأجهة: الوقت الذي يقضى في صحبة شخص آخر
31 for the time being: for now في الوقت الحاضر: في الوقت الراهن
32 from time to time: occasionally من وقت لآخر: في بعض الأحيان
33 do (the) time: serve time in jail or prison يقضي (الوقت): يقضي الوقت في الموقف أو السجن
34 down time: rest period وقت الاستراحة: فترة الراحة
35 get the time: become available يحصل على الوقت: يصبح متاحا
36 give (one) a hard time: be critical يعط (الشخص) وقتا عصيبا: يكون الوقت حاسما
37 good-time Charlie: one who seeks pleasure الوقت الجيد تشارلي: الشخص الذي يسعى للمتعة
38 good times: pleasant experiences السراء: تجارب ممتعة
39 hardly have time to breathe: said when one is busy لا يتوفر لديه الوقت للتنفس: تقال عندما الشخص يكون مشغولا
40 have a time of it: experience difficulty لديه وقت منه: يواجه صعوبة
41 having quite a time: having a pleasurable experience, or having difficulty لديه متسع من الوقت: يواجه تجربة ممتعة، أو يواجه صعوبة
42 have time on (one’s side): don’t have to hurry لدى الشخص الوقت على (جانبه): لا داع للعجلة
43 I’ll catch you some other time: I’ll talk to you later when it’s more convenient for you سوف أمسك بك في وقت آخر: سوف أتحدث إليك في وقت لاحق عندما يكون أكثر ملاءمة بالنسبة لك
44 in next to no time: almost instantly بجانب لا وقت: على الفور تقريبا
45 in the fullness of time: after enough time passes في كامل الوقت: بعد مرور وقت كاف
46 in the right place at the right time: in a figurative sense, fortuitously prepared for some eventuality; also, literally, located in a position that is advantageous or fortunate في المكان الصحيح، وفي الوقت الصحيح: بالمعنى المجازي، أعدت عشوائيا لبعض الاحتمال. أيضا، حرفيا، وتقع في الموقف الذي هو مفيد أو محظوظ
47 it’s about time: said to express impatience, or relief that something has finally occurred (usually accompanied by an exclamation point) حان الوقت لـ: تقال للتعبير عن نفاد الصبر، أو الإغاثة، بأن شيئا ما قد حدث أخيرا (غالبا ما ترافقه علامة تعجب)
48 it’s high time: it is the appropriate time; one has waited long enough حان أقصى الوقت: فهو الوقت المناسب. الشخص قد انتظر طويلا
49 keep time: maintain the beat in music حافظ على الوقت: حافظ على إيقاع الموسيقى
50 lose no time: do something immediately لا تضع الوقت: افعل شيئا على الفور
51 make good time: proceed quickly or in a reasonable amount of time يستمتع بوقت جيد: المضي قدما بسرعة، أو في كمية معقولة من الوقت
52 make time for: set aside a period of time to accommodate someone or something يخصص وقتا لـ: يخصص فترة من الوقت لإيواء شخص ما أو شيء ما
53 make up for lost time: catch up on time wasted or as a result of going slowly or not going at all يعوض عن الوقت الضائع: يلحق بالوقت الضائع، أو نتيجة للسير ببطء، أو عدم الذهاب على الإطلاق
54 mark time: wait يؤشر الوقت: ينتظر
55 not able to call (one’s) time (one’s) own: too busy غير قادرا على مخابرة في وقت (الشخص)، في وقت(الشخص) الخاص: مشغول جدا
56 old-time: old-fashioned الوقت-القديم: طراز قديم
57 on time: punctual في الوقت المحدد: دقيق في المواعيد
58 once upon a time: long ago ذات مرة: منذ فترة طويلة
59 out of time: said in reference to no longer having time to do something من الوقت: تقال في إشارة إلى أنه لم يعد لديه الوقت ليفعل شيئا
60 pass the time (of day) with: chat with يمرر وقت (اليوم) مع: يدردش مع
61 pressed for time: lacking enough time to do something ضغط لأجل الوقت: يفتقر إلى ما يكفي من الوقت للقيام بشيء ما
62 run that by me one more time: say that again التشغيل الذي أقوم به مرة أخرى: أقول ذلك مرة أخرى
63 sands of time: a poetic reference to the passage of time as represented by sand in an hourglass رمال الزمن: إشارة شعرية لمرور الوقت كما يمثله الرمل في الساعة الرملية
64 the big time: said in reference to achieving prominence in some endeavor الوقت الكبير: تقال في إشارة إلى تحقيق مكانة بارزة في مسعى
65 the time has come: the occasion is appropriate لقد حان الوقت: فالمناسبة ملائمة
66 the time of (one’s) life: a memorable experience الوقت من حياة (الشخص): تجربة لا تنسى
67 time and tide wait for no man: the world makes no allowance for one being late الوقت والمد والجزر لا ينتظروا أحدا: العالم لا يسمح للشخص المتأخر
68 time bomb: something that will inevitably result in a negative consequence القنبلة الموقوتة: شيء ما من شأنه أن يؤدي حتما إلى نتيجة سلبية
69 time flies: a reference to the fleeting nature of time يطير الوقت: إشارة إلى طبيعة زائلة للوقت
70 time is money: time is important because using it wisely or unwisely affects one’s ability to earn money الوقت هو المال: الوقت مهم لان استخدامه بحكمة أو بلا حكمة يؤثر على قدرة الفرد على كسب المال
71 time on (one’s) hands: spare time الوقت هو في يدي (الشخص): وقت الفراغ
72 time out: in sports, a short period when play ceases; by extension, a break from activity (also used as the announcement of a request for a time out, as is time by itself) الاستراحة: في مجال الرياضة، وهي فترة قصيرة عندما يتوقف اللعب. استطرادا، استراحة من النشاط (تستخدم أيضا كإعلان عن طلب مهلة، كما هو الوقت في حد ذاته)
73 (stuck in a) time warp: said in reference to observing something that or someone who appears outdated (علق في) انحراف الوقت: تقال في إشارة إلى مراقبة شيء ما، بأن أو شخص ما، الذي يبدو عفا عليه الزمن
74 time was: there was a time when كان الوقت: كان هناك وقت عندما
75 time’s a-wastin’: time is running out الوقت يضيع: الوقت ينفد
76 time to hit the road: time to depart حان وقت الرحيل: حان وقت ا لمغادرة
77 time works wonders: the passage of time resolves problems الوقت يصنع العجائب: مرور الوقت يحل المشاكل
78 when the time is ripe: when the time is appropriate عندما يكون الوقت ملائما: عندما يكون الوقت مناسبا
79 withstand the test of time: endure يصمد أمام اختبار الوقت: يتحمل
80 wouldn’t give (one) the time of day to: ignored سوف لن يعطي (الشخص) الوقت من اليوم إلى: تجاهل

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